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Mary Pickersgill
Mary Young Pickersgill is the flagmaker of the famous banner hoisted over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812.
Born Mary Young in Philadelphia in 1776, she learned the flagmaking trade from her mother, Rebecca Young, who made ensigns, garrison flags, and continental standards during and after American Revolution. Her family first moved to Baltimore, when she was a child. In 1795 she married John Pickersgill and moved back to Philadelphia until his death.
Mary returned to Baltimore in 1807 with her widowed mother and young daughter, Caroline. She established a flag-making business in her home – now the Flag House and Star Spangled Banner Museum.
Anticipating an impending British attack in 1814, Major George Armistead, commander of the forces at Fort McHenry, commissioned Pickersgill to sew a flag “so large that the British will have no difficulty seeing it from a distance.” She was able to hand sew the 30 by 42 foot flag in just six weeks with the help of her daughter, two nieces, and two African-American servants.
Pickersgill was paid $544.74 for her work. The receipt of the payment is on display at the Flag House and Star Spangled Banner Museum.
When the British attacked Baltimore on September 13 and 14, Francis Scott Key saw Pickersgill’s flag while held captive on a British ship and was inspired to compose the poem that became the U.S. national anthem. Key’s original manuscript is on display at the Maryland Historical Society Museum.
Pickersgill was a successful businesswoman and philanthropist actively involved in issues such as housing, job placement assistance, and financial aid for disadvantaged women – long before they were prominent social concerns.
Pickersgill’s flag is the centerpiece of an extensive 10-year, $85 million renovation to the Smithsonian’s Museum of American History, re-opening to the public in late November, 2008.
Pickersgill is buried at Loudon Park Cemetery, 3620 Wilkens Avenue.
GPS: N 39° 16.860′, W 076° 40.733′.
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(1776-1857)
Born in Philadelphia in 1776, Mary Young married John Pickersgill in 1795. After her husband’s death, she settled in Baltimore and took up the profession of her mother, Rebecca Young, who had sewn flags and standards for the Continental Army, the Pennsylvania Navy, and the First United States Regiment. Working from her home, Mary designed and sewed signals and flags for merchant ships and for U.S. Navy and U.S. Army ships and forts.
In the summer of 1813, Fort McHenry’s commander Major George Armistead hired Mary Pickersgill to make two flags – a large garrison flag and a smaller storm flag. The larger flag, which would become known as the “star-spangled banner” measured 30′ x 42′.
During six weeks in July and August 1813, Mary, her daughter Caroline, and their assistants, hand-stitched sections of the flags. To assemble the pieces for the larger flag, the women laid them out across the floor of Clagett’s Brewery at Lombard and Granby Streets in east Baltimore. The completed flag required 400 yards of woolen bunting and more than a million stitches. Each of its 15 stripes measured two feet wide; its 15 stars were two feet across.
In September 1814, the English attacked Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore. When the two-day bombardment was over, Francis Scott Key saw the flag flying over the fort and wrote the words that would become the United States’ national anthem.
After establishing herself professionally, Mary turned her attention to philanthropy. As President of the Impartial Female Humane Society, Pickersgill helped impoverished women find jobs, sent their children to school, and contributed money for homes for the elderly. Today, the society she aided is called the Pickersgill Retirement Community.
Mary Pickersgill died in 1857 and was buried in the Loudon Park Cemetery in Baltimore.
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The Women Behind the Flag
by Patricia Chadwick
June 14, 2000 marks the 223rd birthday of the U.S. Flag. In 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes pattern for the national flag. Often overlooked in the history of the flag are the contributions of two women who have had a hand in making two of the most important flags in history: Betsy Ross and Mary Young Pickersgill.
Over the years there has been much controversy as to who indeed made the first American Flag. While attempts have been made to disprove it, it is generally accepted by most Americans that the first American Flag was fashioned by Betsy Ross. While there is no historical record of Mrs. Ross being commissioned to make the first flag, there is a strong verbal record, handed down from generation to generation, beginning with Betsy’s own family.
Tradition holds that about five months later, in June of 1776, Betsy Ross received a visit from a secret committee sent by the Continental Congress that was authorized to design a flag for the nation-to-be. The committee included George Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Colonial Army, Col. George Ross, Betsy’s uncle by marriage, and Robert Morris, a wealthy businessman. They asked that Betsy make the flag according to a rough drawing they carried with them. She consented to attempt the work after suggesting some slight changes, one being a star of five-points instead of six. Washington redrew the flag design in pencil in her back parlor and Betsy spent the next few days sewing the flag in her home.
When she was finished, she called for the committee who took it to the State House where Congress approved the design. While the committee had gone to other seamstresses, Betsy Ross’ flag is the one the Continental Congress decided upon, and they gave her a standing order. She continued making flags for the United States Government for the next fifty years.
Next we will look at the flag that inspired the “Star Spangled Banner”. While many know the story behind Francis Scott Key penning the beloved “Star Spangle Banner”, not many know the story of the flag that was flown at Fort McHenry that inspired the Key to write the words that would become the National Anthem of the United States of America. This flag was created by Mary Young Pickersgill.
Mary Young Pickersgill was born in 1776 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the difficult period of the Revolutionary War. Her family moved to Lebanon, Pennsylvania during the war and later to Baltimore. There she was married and was widowed.
Mary took up the trade of flagmaking, needing to support herself and her daughter. She became quite skillful at the trade and became well-known as a flagmaker. Therefore, during another critical time in U.S. History, she was selected to make the flag for Fort McHenry. In 1813, Major George Armistead hired Mary Young Pickersgill to sew a flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes, the number of states then in the Union. Anticipating an attack on Fort McHenry by the British during the War of 1812, Major Armistead asked that the flag be made extra large so that it would be plainly visible to the English Fleet. He had also hoped the large flag would lift the spirits of the Baltimoreans, allowing them to see this flag fly in defiance of the British.
Mary and her daughter Caroline, then only a mere 13 years-old, accomplished the task in six weeks. She took great care to make sure the flag was well constructed. The entire flag was sewn by hand with flat felled seams and tight stitching, so it would not come apart in the wind. It required four hundred yards of wool material and the finished flag measured 30 by 42 feet. The flag had to be assembled in a nearby malt house, because there was no other place large enough to assemble it.
This flag was used as the garrison flag of Fort McHenry during the British siege of the fort during the War of 1812. When Francis Scott Key saw the flag from a ship eight miles down the Patapsco River on September 14, 1814, the flag was still waving in the breeze after twenty-five hours of heavy bombardment by the British. The British were very discouraged to see it still there, but Key was inspired to write the poem that became the our National Anthem.
As we celebrate Flag Day this year, let’s take time to remember the great women BEHIND the flag!
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STAR SPANGLED BANNER FLAG
Star-Spangled Banner – War of 1812
The original Star-Spangled Banner, the flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the song that would become our national anthem, is among the most treasured artifacts in the collections of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
Quick Facts about the Star-Spangled Banner Flag
- Made in Baltimore, Maryland, in July-August 1813 by flagmaker Mary Pickersgill
- Commissioned by Major George Armistead, commander of Fort McHenry
- Original size: 30 feet by 42 feet
- Current size: 30 feet by 34 feet
- Fifteen stars and fifteen stripes (one star has been cut out)
- Raised over Fort McHenry on the morning of September 14, 1814, to signal American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore; the sight inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner”
- Preserved by the Armistead family as a memento of the battle
- First loaned to the Smithsonian Institution in 1907; converted to permanent gift in 1912
- On exhibit at the National Museum of American History since 1964
- Major, multi-year conservation effort launched in 1998
The Star Spangled Banner Flag is the name for the American flag with 15 stars and stripes. It got the name because this is the flag that was flying at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 that Francis Scott Key saw when he wrote the poem “Defense of Fort McHenry.” He put it to the music of a familiar tune and it later became known as the “Star Spangled Banner,” America’s National Anthem. The original Star Spangled Banner Flag that flew over Fort McHenry still exists and can be viewed at the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC.
Learn more about the history of the Star Spangled Banner Flag below or you can order your own Star Spangled Banner Flag here.
Learn about other historical American Revolution Flags ( SEE BELOW) here.
Spangled Banner Flag
History of the Star Spangled Banner Flag
The first official description for the United States Flag was laid out by Congress in the Flag Resolution of 1777. It stated:
Resolved, That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.
The Flag Resolution set the precedent of 13 red and white stripes, along with the stars representing the states on the blue field. Before this, through a period of many years, the colonists in America had gone through many versions of flags, starting with the British Red Ensign, which was the official flag of Great Britain. This flag led to the Grand Union Flag, which was probably the first flag carried by the Continental Army.
British Red Ensign Flag
Grand Union Flag
13 Star Flag
Serapis Flag
Notice that the Flag Resolution does not state the pattern in which the stars should be arranged. This led to flags with the stars in many different arrangements in the early days of the republic, such as the Cowpens Flag, the Guilford Courthouse Flag, the Betsy Ross Flag, the 13 Star Flag, the Bennington Flag and the Serapis Flag.
In 1794, Congress passed the Flag Act of 1794, adding two stars and two stripes to the flag to represent the 2 recently added states, Vermont and Kentucky. The Flag Act of 1794 reads:
An Act making an alteration in the Flag of the United States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled, That from and after the first day of May, Anno Domini, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States, be fifteen stripes alternate red and white. That the Union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field.
Notice the Act still did not define the pattern for the stars. Congress was apparently happy to allow flag manufacturers and the American people to put the flags in whatever pattern they chose. Most flags by this point and afterwards used the pattern with staggered rows, but there were other arrangements used as well.
The Flag Act of 1794 made the only official version of the US Flag with more than 13 stripes, making the Star Spangled Banner Flag the only American Flag with 15 stripes. The Star Spangled Banner Flag lasted officially until the Flag Act of 1818, when Congress set the rule that the stripes would always remain at 13 and the stars would reflect the number of states with a new star to be added on the July 4th after a new state was added to the Union. The Flag Act of 1818 reads:
An Act to establish the flag of the United States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress Assembled, That from and after the fourth day of July next, the flag of the United States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white: that the union be twenty stars, white in a blue field.
And be it further enacted, That on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag; and that such addition shall take effect of the fourth day of July then next succeeding such admission.
The Star Spangled Banner in the War of 1812
It was 1814, the final year of the War of 1812, when Great Britain sent 50 ships up the Chesapeake Bay. On August 24, British soldiers invaded Washington DC, burning the Capitol, the White House and other buildings and causing President James Madison and his wife Dolley to flee the city, narrowly avoiding capture.
Before the Chesapeake invasion ever occurred, the city of Baltimore was anticipating an attack as well. Baltimore was an important colonial shipping center and was third largest city in America at the time with 46,000 residents. Fort McHenry sat on the harbor guarding the city and its commander was Major George Armistead. Major Armistead wanted to have a very large flag made for the fort, “a flag so large that the British would have no difficulty seeing it from a distance.”
Major Armistead commissioned Mary Young Pickersgill in July, 1813 two make two flags for the fort. Pickersgill was a local Baltimore flagmaker. Her mother, Rebecca Young, was a maker of American Flags during the American Revolution. According to the Pickersgill family tradition, Rebecca had sewn the first American Flag at the request of George Washington, but historians doubt this story. You can learn more about the “first” American flag at our 13 Star Flag page.
Of the two flags Pickersgill was to make, the larger one, which was the largest military flag ever flown at the time, was to be 30 feet by 42 feet and was known as the Great Garrison Flag. This is the flag that has survived and is held at the Smithsonian Institution. This flag is so large that it is about 1/4 the size of a modern basketball court and is larger than the standard size garrison flags used by the United States Army today, which is 20×38 feet.
Flag Receipt Source
The second flag was the Storm Flag, a smaller version to measure 17×25, that would be flown in inclement weather. This smaller flag was less likely to be damaged or blown off in a storm.
The total bill to Mary Pickersgill was $574.44. A receipt for the flags dated August 19, 1813 and signed by James Calhoun, Junior Deputy Commissary, has survived, which you can see at the left.
Making of the Star Spangled Banner
Mary Pickersgill obtained permission from a local business, Claggett’s Brewery, to use the floor of their malt house to spread out the Star Spangled Banner Flag because it was so big. She was assisted by her 13 year old daughter Caroline Young, her nieces Eliza and Margaret Young, who were 13 and 15 and an African American servant, Grace Wisher, who was also 13.
1) MARY PICKERSGILL
2) CAROLINE YOUNG (DAUGHTER OF MARY PICKERSGILL)
3) REBECCA YOUNG ( MOTHER OF MARY PICKERSGILL – This was in another article which I can not find. note when I posted This Article, Web Sites, other articles that I used were removed from the internet ).
4) ELIZA YOUNG ( NIECE OF MARY PICKERSGILL)
5) MARGARET YOUNG ( NIECE OF MARY PICKERSGILL)
6) GRACE WISHER ( AFRICAN INDENTURED SERVANT)
It took them about 7 weeks to make the two flags, which were pieced together using many smaller 12 to 18 inch strips of cotton and English wool bunting. The stars are about two feet in width and the points go in multiple directions, as opposed to all of them pointing to the top as they do on today’s flag. Each stripe is also about two feet wide.
A very interesting letter has survived from Caroline (Young) Purdy, Mary Pickersgill’s daughter, that she wrote to Georgiana (Armistead) Appleton, the daughter of Major Armistead, in 1876. The Star Spangled Banner Flag had been in the possession of the Armistead family for many years at this time. Caroline was very old and had fallen on hard times financially. 1876 was the United States 100th anniversary and the flag was going to be displayed for the celebrations. The purpose of her letter was to ask permission from Georgiana to use the fervor and national patriotic feeling toward the Star Spangled Banner Flag to her own advantage by printing up her family’s connection to the flag and attaching it to the flag in hopes that some people would be inspired by it to help her financially.
Flag historians are interested in the letter because Caroline relates some interesting facts about the creation of the flag, such as it being made at the Claggett’s malt house and how her mother stayed up until midnight working on the flag many nights. You can view the Caroline Purdy letter to Georgiana Appleton by clicking the links in the picture above and to the right and you can read the complete text of the Caroline Purdy letter to Georgiana Appleton here.
Baltimore, Maryland
The home of Mary Pickersgill has also survived and today houses a museum called the Star Spangled Banner House. The museum features exhibits from the time period. It has actors portraying Pickersgill and other members of the household, as well as activities for kids. For more about visiting times and directions, check out the Star Spangled Banner House website.
Star Spangled Banner at the Battle of Baltimore
The British began their bombardment of Fort McHenry on September 13 and rained down rockets and mortar shells on the fort for 25 hours. The fort sustained damage, but was not destroyed due to recent fortifications and due to malfunction in some of the British cannonballs. Because they were not able to get past the fort into Baltimore Harbor, British Admiral, Sir Alexander Cochrane called off the attack and sailed for New Orleans, where he would fight in the last battle of the War of 1812, the Battle of New Orleans, with future president, Andrew Jackson.
On the night of the bombardment of Fort McHenry, a Washington DC lawyer and amateur poet named Francis Scott Key was sitting in a British ship, the HMS Tonnant, within sight of the battle. Key was on board as a guest of Admiral Cochrane. He had come along with American Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel John Stuart Skinner, to help in the negotiations for the release of several American prisoners. While on board, Key and Skinner had learned of the British plans for attacking Baltimore, so they were not allowed to leave until the battle was over so they would not reveal the plans to the Americans. This left Key on board to watch the bombardment of Fort McHenry through the night.
The smaller “storm flag” was flown over Fort McHenry during the night because of a heavy rain storm, but in the morning the 30×42 Great Garrison Flag was hoisted up over the fort as a sign that the Americans were still in control and the fort had not been destroyed. With the “dawn’s early light,” Key was thrilled to see the flag flying over the fort. He began to write down, on the back of a letter, the words of a 4 stanza poem to describe the victory.
On the 16th, Key and the others were released and he returned to Baltimore where he rented a room at the Indian Queen Hotel. He spent the evening revising the poem and the following day shared it with his wife’s brother-in-law, Judge Joseph Nicholson, who had fought at Fort McHenry. Judge Nicholson liked the poem and encouraged Key to have it published. It was printed up on the 17th by a local printer and distributed to all the men who had been at Fort McHenry during the bombardment, under the title Defence of Fort McHenry, with instructions that it be sung to the tune “To Anachreon of Heaven.” This song was written in 1775 for the Anachreontic Society in London, a society of amateur musicians. Anachreon was a Greek poet known for his songs about love and wine.
On September 20th, Defence of Fort McHenry was published in the Baltimore Patriot for the public for the first time. The first documented performance of the song occurred at the Holliday Street Theatre in Baltimore on October 19th and soon a local music store began to publish the song under the name “The Star Spangled Banner,” taking the title from the last line of each stanza. This is where the name “Star Spangled Banner” came from. You can read the complete Star Spangled Banner lyrics here.
Hover over the following images to read what the picture is about then click to enlarge them.
Significance of “The Star Spangled Banner”
Before the War of 1812, even during the Revolutionary War, the American Flag was not particularly considered a national patriotic symbol. It didn’t fly from homes or inspire patriotic zeal in people’s hearts. It was merely a symbol used to identify ships and military regiments. Instead, early Americans used other symbols, such as the American eagle, “Lady Liberty” portrayed as a goddess, or figures such as George Washington, to represent this type of patriotism.
The writing of the Star Spangled Banner song became a key event in turning the flag into the symbol it is today, fused with pride, patriotism and American values. The Battle of Baltimore was considered to be a great American victory of the War of 1812 by the American people. Key meshed the symbolism of the flag with the zeal and fervor of victory for a new generation of Americans who had not been alive at the time of the American Revolution.
Through the rest of the 1800s, the Star Spangled Banner song became more and more well known and beloved. During the Civil War, it gained special prominence because of the American spirit and ideals which it represents. It was adopted by the US military in the 1890s for ceremonial purposes, such as the raising and lowering of the US flag. In 1917, the US Army and US Navy adopted the song as the “national anthem” to be played for military ceremonies. After many years of campaigning, patriotic Americans were able to persuade Congress to adopt “The Star Spangled Banner” as the official national anthem of the United States. It was signed into law by President Herbert Hoover on March 3, 1931.
The Star Spangled Banner Flag after the War of 1812
Star-Spangled Banner – War of 1812
The original Star-Spangled Banner, the flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the song that would become our national anthem, is among the most treasured artifacts in the collections of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
Quick Facts about the Star-Spangled Banner Flag
- Made in Baltimore, Maryland, in July-August 1813 by flagmaker Mary Pickersgill
- Commissioned by Major George Armistead, commander of Fort McHenry
- Original size: 30 feet by 42 feet
- Current size: 30 feet by 34 feet
- Fifteen stars and fifteen stripes (one star has been cut out)
- Raised over Fort McHenry on the morning of September 14, 1814, to signal American victory over the British in the Battle of Baltimore; the sight inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner”
- Preserved by the Armistead family as a memento of the battle
- First loaned to the Smithsonian Institution in 1907; converted to permanent gift in 1912
- On exhibit at the National Museum of American History since 1964
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THIS MUST BE INSERTED HERE
*)THE BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC – REVISED
*) National Anthem by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV
*) Andy Williams Sings “The Exodus Song (This Land Is Mine)”
*) ANDY WILLIAMS – Battle Hymn Of The Republic
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HAVE YOU BEEN HORNSWOGGLED?
Which Flag is Which?
by Richard McDonald
American Military (War) Flag
American ( Under International Admiralty Maritime Law / U.C.C. (Universal Commercial Code Law) Yellow Fringed Flag ( In Most To All Federal Buildings) !!!
The people of the United States actually have two national flags: one for our military government and another for the civil. Each one has fifty stars in its canton and thirteen red and white stripes, but there are several important differences.
Although most Americans think of the Stars and Stripes (above left) as their only flag, it is actually for military affairs only. The other one, meant by its makers for wider use (peacetime), has vertical stripes with blue stars on a white field (above right). You can see this design, which bears civil jurisdiction, in the U.S. Coast Guard and Customs flags, but their service insignias replace the fifty stars.
I first learned of the separate, civil flag when I was reading Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850. The introduction, titled “The Custom House,” includes this description:
From the loftiest point of its roof, during precisely three and a half hours of each forenoon, floats or droops, in breeze or calm, the banner of the republic; but with the thirteen stripes turned vertically, instead of horizontally, and thus indicating that a civil, and not a military post of Uncle Sam’s government, is here established.
It took me two years of digging before I found a picture that matched what he was describing: my second clue was an original Illuminated History of North America (1860). If this runs against your beliefs, look up those two references.
History book publishers contribute to the public’s miseducation by always picturing the flag in military settings, creating the impression that the one with horizontal stripes is the only one there is. They don’t actually lie; they just tell half the truth. For example, the “first American flag” they show Betsy Ross sewing at George Washington’s request, was for the Revolution – of course it was military.
The U.S. government hasn’t flown the civil flag since the Civil War, as that war is still going on. Peace has never been declared, nor have hostilities against the people ended. The government is still operating under quasi-military rule.
You movie buffs may recall this: In the old Westerns, “Old Glory” has her stripes running sideways and a military yellow fringe. Most of these films are historically accurate about that; their stories usually took place in the territories still under military law and not yet states. Before WWII, no U.S. flag, civil or military, flew within the forty-eight states (except in federal settings); only state flags did. Since then, the U.S. government seems to have decided the supposedly sovereign states are its territories too, so it asserts its military power over them under the “law of the flag.”
Today the U.S. military flag appears alongside, or in place of, the state flags in nearly all locations within the states. All of the state courts and even the municipal ones now openly display it. This should have raised serious questions from many citizens long ago, but we’ve been educated to listen and believe what we are told, not to ask questions, or think or search for the truth.
NOTES
- hornswoggled: deceived. The term comes from the traditional image of cuckolded husbands wearing horns.óEditor
- canton: The rectangular section in the upper corner of a flag, next to the staff.
- The Scarlet Letter: An Authoritative Text, edited by Sculley Bradley, W. W. Norton, New York, 1978, pp. 7-8.
- There is also a picture of the Coast Guard flag in Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, G. & C. Merriam Company, Springfield, Mass., 1966.
- For more about the law of the flag, see “A Fiction-at-Law . . . ,” in the printed version of Perceptions Magazine May/June1995, Issue 9, page 11.
By Richard McDonald
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American Military (War) Flag
-Benjamin FranklinFrom the loftiest point of its roof, during precisely three and a half hours of each forenoon, floats or droops, in breeze or calm, the banner of the republic; but with the thirteen stripes turned vertically, instead of horizontally, and thus indicating that a civil, and not a military, post of Uncle Sam’s government is here established.
-Nathaniel Hawthorne
Scarlett Letter
US Civil Flags is seeking the restoration of a Common-Law government as defined in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of these united states of America; and the re-institution of a debt and usury-free Gold-based currency coined by the Treasury of these united states.
FLY THE FLAG! RESTORE THE DREAM!
The Sons of Liberty inspired a Revolution that broke the chains of royal control over people yearning to be free. The flag they flew was red and white, with the stripes running vertically!Admiralty Law- History of the Law of the Sea, Guilty until Proven Innocence
Admiralty Law encompasses all controversies arising out of acts done upon or relating to the sea, and questions of prize. Prize is that law dealing with war, and the spoils of war — such as capture of ships, goods, materials, property — both real and personal, etc.“Republic vs. Democracy” definition War Dept. Washington D.C. 1928
I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, withliberty and justice for all.The growing use of Real money in America
History of the Civil Flag
The first U.S. Flag, which denoted civilian versus military purposes, was designed in 1799 by Oliver
Wolcott Jr. the Secretary of the Treasury under John Adams. Read more…
Executive Order 11,110
AMENDMENT OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 10289
AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN FUNCTIONS AFFECTING THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, it is ordered as follows:
Section 1. Executive Order No. 10289 of September 19, 1951, as amended, is hereby further amended-
a. By adding at the end of paragraph 1 thereof the following subparagraph (j):
(j) The authority vested in the President by paragraph (b) of section 43 of the Act of May 12,1933, as amended (31 U.S.C.821(b)), to issue silver certificates against any silver bullion, silver, or standard silver dollars in the Treasury not then held for redemption of any outstanding silver certificates, to prescribe the denomination of such silver certificates, and to coin standard silver dollars and subsidiary silver currency for their redemption and —
b. Byrevoking subparagraphs (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 thereof.
Sec. 2. The amendments made by this Order shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued or any suit or proceeding had or commenced in any civil or criminal cause prior to the date of this Order but all such liabilities shall continue and may be enforced as if said amendments had not been made.
John F. Kennedy
The White House,
June 4, 1963.
“If we American people ever allow monopoly banking to control the issue of currency, first by inflation and then by deflation, these banks and bureaucracies that will grow up around them will deprive we, the people of all our property until our children will wake up homeless on the continent which God gave us for stewardship.”
–Thomas Jefferson
“The bold efforts that the present bank has made to control the government, the distress it has wantonly caused, are but premonitions of the fate which awaits the American people should they be deluded into a perpetuation of this institution. If the people only understood the rank injustice of the money and banking system there would be a revolution before morning. You are a den of vipers and thieves.”
–Andrew Jackson
The Dream Of General McClellan George Washington’s Promise“But her mission will not then be finished; for ere another century shall have gone by, the oppressors of the whole earth, hating and envying her exaltation, shall join themselves together to raise up their hands against her. But if she still be found worthy of her high calling they shall surely be discomfitted, and then will be ended her third and last great struggle for existence. Thence-forth shall the Republic go on, increasing in power and goodness, until her borders shall end only in the remotest corners of the earth, and the whole earth shall beneath her shadowing wing become a Universal Republic. Let her in her prosperity, however remember the Lord her God, her trust be always in Him, and she shall never be confounded.”
(((( SEE BELOW FOR INTERNATIONAL ADMIRALTY MARITIME LAW / U.C.C. / VATICAN (ROMAN EMPIRE’S) CANNON LAW – WHAT IT IS ** HOW TO FIGHT IT BELOW ))))
Some time after the Battle of Baltimore, the Star Spangled Banner Flag ended up in the possession of Major George Armistead, the major who had commissioned its making from Mary Pickersgill. The flag remained in the possession of the Armistead family and fell into the possession of George’s wife Louisa upon his death in 1818. When Louisa died in 1861, the flag passed to the Armisteads’ daughter, Georgiana Armistead Appleton. Georgiana realized the significance and patriotic sentiment attached to the flag and allowed it to be displayed at public events in Baltimore, including the 1824 tour of the United States by the Marquis de Lafayette, the last surviving French general from the Revolutionary War and close friend of George Washington. It was also displayed at the 1876 centennial celebration of American Independence.
Over the years, the Armistead family had the unfortunate habit of cutting off small pieces of the flag to give to people as souvenirs. They were selective in whom they chose for the fragments, however, only giving them to veterans, government officials or other noteworthy people. Georgiana later wrote, “Indeed had we have given all we had been importuned for (asked for), little would be left to show.” Approximately 200 square yards of the original flag were given away in this manner, including one of the 15 stars. The remaining portion of the flag now measures 30×34 feet, down from the original 30×42 feet. Some of the flag pieces remain today in private and public collections.
Spangled Banner Flag
The first known picture of the Star Spangled Banner Flag was taken in 1873 at the Boston Navy Yard. The flag was spread out and hung from third story windows for the picture that went into a book about the history of America’s flags written by Admiral George Preble called “History of the Flag of the United States of America.” Before the publishing of this book, the existence of the original Star Spangled Banner Flag was largely unknown by Americans outside the city of Baltimore. With the publishing of the book, the flag became more widely known and came to be considered a national treasure.
When Georgiana Armistead Appleton passed away in 1878, the Star Spangled Banner Flag passed to Georgiana’s son, Eben Appleton. Eben continued to allow the flag to be displayed in public for patriotic occasions, but he also began to look for a permanent location to store and care for the flag. Eben was a New York stockbroker and he kept the flag in New York. In 1880, he allowed the flag to be displayed at Baltimore’s sesquicentennial celebration, but he had it put in a safe-deposit vault in New York after that to try to keep it safe. In 1907, Eben gave the flag to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC for safekeeping and in 1912 he donated it as a permanent gift to the nation.
by Amelia Fowler in 1914
When the Star Spangled Banner Flag was donated to the Smithsonian in 1912, it was already tattered and in very poor condition. The Institution began a restoration effort in 1914 by hiring Amelia Fowler, a well-known flag restorer and seamstress. She hired ten seamstresses who worked on the flag for eight weeks. First they removed a canvas backing that had been attached to the flag for the 1873 Boston Navy Yard photo. Then they attached a new linen backing with 1.7 million stitches to form a honeycomb mesh across the back of the flag. This mesh of stitches was intended to secure the fabric of the flag and prevent it from falling apart.
After its restoration, the Star Spangled Banner Flag was stored in a glass case in the Smithsonian’s Arts and Industries Building, where it remained for the next 50 years, with the exception of two years during World War II when it was moved to a warehouse in Virginia to protect it if the capital was bombed.
National Museum of American
History Flag Hall 1964-1998
In 1964, the Star Spangled Banner Flag was moved to the newer National Museum of History and Technology building, which is now called the National Museum of American History, where it was hung in the central hall of the second floor, known as Flag Hall. Due to further deterioration because of light and exposure, the flag underwent a two year preservation effort starting in 1981. The flag was cleaned and new lighting and ventilation systems were installed, along with a screen mounted in front. The screen covered up the flag to protect it from light, but was lowered once an hour for visitors to see.
In 1996, the Smithsonian began to develop a long term project to preserve the Star Spangled Banner Flag using modern preservation techniques. The flag preservation formally began in 1998 with its inclusion in the “Save America’s Treasures” program, a program chaired by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton to save America’s treasures for the new millenium. The flag was removed at this time and put in a climate controlled laboratory for preservation. It took two years for conservators to remove the 1.7 million stitches from the 1914 Fowler restoration. The flag was cleaned using cosmetic sponges and an acetone/water cleaning solution. Finally, a lightweight fabric called Stabiltex was attached to one side that will hold the fabric together and prevent it from falling apart.
Smithsonian Institution
When the 1998 preservation efforts began, the Star Spangled Banner Flag was removed from Flag Hall in the National Museum of American History where it had been located for 34 years. The entire flag display area was dismantled, including the Foucault Pendulum pit in the center of the hall to make room to build the flag’s new permanent exhibit.
The Smithsonian Institution developed a long term plan for preserving the Star Spangled Banner Flag and teaching its significance to the next generation of Americans. On November 21, 2008, it opened the Star Spangled Banner Gallery, the flag’s new permanent home, which was built in place of the previous Flag Hall at the National Museum of American History. The flag sets at an angle inside a climate and light controlled chamber with the first words of Francis Scott Key’s Star Spangled Banner song on the wall above and behind it. The corridor leading to the gallery sets up the scene for the Battle of Baltimore and the corridors leading away from the flag explain its history in more depth. You can learn more about the National Museum of American History’s exhibits and visiting hours here.
Hover over the images below to read the caption then click on the image to enlarge.
You can read the text of the Eben Appleton letter to Charles Walcott, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1912, in which Appleton expresses in confidence in the Institution to care for his family treasure, the Star Spangled Banner Flag.
Star Spangled Banner Songs and Videos
And now for a little Star Spangled fun! First are two recordings of the Star Spangled Banner song. First is a recorded version of “To Anachreon in Heaven,” the song Francis Scott Key used for the tune of the Star Spangled Banner. Click on the link to listen to To Anachreon in Heaven. You can read the complete lyrics of To Anachreon in Heaven here.
The second song is a sample of how the Star Spangled Banner would have sounded to listeners in the 19th century. It is recorded using 19th century instruments from the Smithsonian’s collection and an arrangement by composer GWE Friederich, as it would have been heard in 1854. Click on the link to listen to the 1854 version of The Star Spangled Banner.
Thanks to the National Museum of American History for these songs.
Next are three of the most viewed recordings of the National Anthem from YouTube. These are some very inspiring performances. If they don’t stir your patriotic feelings and bring tears to your eyes, well… you are dead. Be sure to let the videos download completely before watching so they won’t be jerky.
The first recording is from the 39th SuperBowl in 2005 and is performed by the joint choirs of the United States Naval Academy, United States Air Force Academy, United States Military Academy at West Point, United States Coast Guard Academy and the United States Army Herald Trumpets.
This is a video of Whitney Houston singing the National Anthem at the 25th SuperBowl. This is known as one of the all time greatest moments in American sports history. It was particularly meaningful and struck a chord in the hearts of Americans because it was in the middle of the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
The last video is from a tv special hosted by ABC’s Peter Jennings called “Liberty Weekend” in 1986. The celebration marked the 100th anniversary of the gift of the Statue of Liberty to the United States from the people of France. The Statue was refurbished for the anniversary. Sandi Patty sings an incredible rendition of the Star Spangled Banner that is infused with patriotic images from the celebration that are sure to stir your heart. This is about a ten minute video. The song is about the first six minutes. The last few minutes are commercials and credits that you can skip.
Statue of Liberty weekend_1986.wmv
“Anacreon in Heaven” (Song)
( A TAVERN SONG )
Lyrics: Ralph Tomlinson Music: John Stafford Smith
(SOA Theme Song!)
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SOA Lyrics“Anacreon in Heaven”Lyrics: Ralph Tomlinson Music: John Stafford Smith |
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To Anacreon in Heav'n, where he sat in full glee, A few Sons of Harmony sent a petition; That he their Inspirer and Patron wou'd be; When this answer arrived from the Jolly Old Grecian; "Voice, Fiddle, and Flute, No longer be mute, I'll lend you my name and inspire you to boot, And besides I'll instruct you like me, to intwine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." The news through Olympus immediately flew; When Old Thunder pretended to give himself airs. If these Mortals are suffered their scheme to pursue, The Devil, a Goddess, will stay above stairs. "Hark", Already they cry, "In transports of joy, Away to the Sons of Anacreon we'll fly. And besides I'll instruct you like me, to intwine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." "The Yellow-Haired God and his nine lusty Maids, From Helion's banks will incontinent flee, Idalia will boast but of tenantless Shades, And the bi-forked hill a mere desert will be. My Thunder no fear on't, Shall soon do it's errand, And damme I'll swing the Ringleaders I warrant, I'll trim the young dogs, for thus daring to twine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." Apollo rose up and said, "Pry'thee ne'er quarrel, Good sing of the Gods with my Vot'ries below: Your Thunder is useless"--then showing his laurel, Cry'd "Sic evitable fulmen' you know! Then over each head My laurels I'll spread So my sons from your Crackers no mischief shall dread, While snug in their clubroom, they jovially twine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." Next Momus got up with his risible Phiz And swore with Apollo he'd cheerfully join- "The full tide of Harmony still shall be his, But the Song, and the Catch, and the Laugh, shall be mine. Then Jove be not jealous Of these honest fellows," Cry'd Jove, "We relent since the truth you now tell us; And swear by Old Styx, that they long shall intwine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." Ye Sons of Anacreon then join hand in hand; Preserve Unanimity, Friendship, and Love! 'Tis yours to support what's so happily plann'd; You've the sanction of Gods, and the Fiat of Jove. While thus we agree, Our toast let it be: "May our Club flourish Happy, United, and Free! And long may the Sons of Anacreon intwine, The Myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's Vine." PS-We only do the first verse!
Letter from Caroline Purdy to
Georgiana Appleton, Baltimore (1876)
Mrs. Appleton.
Dear Madam.
I have lately seen in the newspapers that the noted flag which waved over Fort McHenry in the bombardment of Baltimore: is in your possession, and is to be sent to the Centennial.
I take the liberty to send you a few particulars about the “Flag.” It was made by my mother, Mrs. Mary Pickersgill, and I assisted her. My grandmother, Rebecca Young made the first flag of the Revolution, (under General Washington’s direction) and for this reason my mother was selected by Commo. Barney and George Stricker, (family connections), to make this “Star Spangled Banner” which she did, being an exceedingly patriotic woman.
The flag being so very large, mother was obliged to obtain permission from the proprietors of Claggetts brewery which was in our neighborhood, to spread it out in their malt house; and I remember seeing my mother down on the floor, placing the stars: after the completion of the flag, she superintended the topping of it, having it fastened in the most secure manner to prevent its being torn away by (cannon) balls: the wisdom of her precaution was shown during the engagement: many shots piercing it, but it still remained firm to the staff. Your father (Col. Armistead) declared that no one but the maker of the flag should mend it, and requested that the rents should merely be bound around.
The flag contained, I think, four hundred yards of bunting, and my mother worked many nights until 12 o’clock to complete it in the given time.
I would also state, that many of my ancestors were in the Revolution. My grandfather William Young was a captain in the war: my uncle Col. Flower was “Commissary General of Military stores,” and Colonel of “Artillery” – these both lost their lives by camp fever; I had another uncle taken prisoner by the British, and whipped through the fleet for attempting to escape: and my father in-law, Henry Purdy, served through the war.
For my character and position I could refer to you Miss Margaret Purviance, or any other reference you would require; I could further recall myself to your recollection, as I was a Manager of the “Aged Woman’s” Home at the same time you were, and was particularly fascinated with you, (both being Episcopalians) in the care of a Mrs. Jefferson, daughter of Ms. Whipple a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Your kindness and prompt attention to her induced me to present my case to you.
I am widowed and childless, and now find myself, in my seventy sixth year, in feeble health, and with the barest pittance of support. My friends here in Balto.- have suggested that if these particulars, met with your approbation, and were placed on a card attached to the flag, they might excite among patriotic people, some compassion for my helpless condition; but I would leave this matter entirely up to your judgement.
I have not been able to write, on account of not having the use of my right arm, but thought it was better to put the signature in my own hand with kind regards. I trust your sympathy.
(Sgd) C. Purdy
(full name Caroline Purdy)
Caroline Purdy letter to Georgiana Appleton, 1876
In this letter Caroline Purdy, who had assisted her mother, Mary Young Pickersgill in creating the original Star Spangled Banner Flag, writes to Georgiana Appleton, whose father had commissioned the flag’s construction. The flag remained in the hands of the Appleton family for many years after the War of 1812, in which it flew at the Battle of Baltimore and was the inspiration for Francis Scott Key’s song, the Star Spangled Banner.
By this time, Caroline Purdy was very old and quite poor. She had heard Appleton was going to allow the flag to be displayed for the United States’ 100th anniversary celebrations. She asks if she could attach a card to the flag explaining her connection to the flag in hopes that some patriotic people would help her with her financial needs.
This letter is significant to historians because it makes several remarks about the Star Spangled Banner Flag’s creation.
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Chesapeake at War 
The Star-Spangled Banner
As the bombardment ceased on the morning of September 14, 1814, three Americans aboard a truce ship strained to see Fort McHenry. They had been watching the Battle for Baltimore from the Patapsco River, where they were anchored with the British fleet.
US agent for the exchange of American prisoners John Stuart Skinner and Georgetown lawyer Francis Scott Key had negotiated the release of physician William Beanes, captured by the British following an incident in Upper Marlboro. Their business was finished, but the Americans were not allowed to leave the fleet until after the attack on Baltimore was over, lest they reveal British plans.
So it was that Key and his fellow Americans were at the center of the Battle for Baltimore. In the eerie silence that followed the 25-hour bombardment, they glimpsed the American flag flying over the fort, signaling that Fort McHenry had held. With great relief they watched as enemy ships withdrew.
The Song
Inspired by the sight, Key began writing new lyrics for a familiar tune. Over the next few days, he perfected the four verses of “The Defence of Fort M’Henry,” set to the tune of the 1780 English gentlemen’s drinking song “Anacreon in Heaven.”
Key showed his composition to his brother-in-law Joseph Nicholson, who took it to the Baltimore American newspaper. First published in a handbill on September 17, the lyrics soon appeared in newspapers all along the eastern seaboard.
Key’s lyrics grew in popularity, and the song was eventually re-titled “The Star-Spangled Banner.” In 1931, it became the official national anthem of the United States of America.
The Flag
The flag that inspired Key’s lyrics also became a powerful symbol of American patriotism. Commissioned by Major George Armistead in 1813 for the garrison at Fort McHenry, the giant flag had been made over six weeks by Baltimorean Mary Pickersgill and her helpers. At 30 ft. by 42 ft. the flag was too big for Pickersgill’s house, so the final assembly was done on the floor of a nearby brewery.
After the firing ceased on the morning of September 14, the fort’s storm flag was lowered and replaced by the large garrison flag.
The original garrison flag that became known as the Star-Spangled Banner, remained in the Armistead family for 90 years. It is now part of a permanent exhibit at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, in the nation’s capital.
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(( CRITICAL INFORMATION FOR AMERICANS HOW & WHY THE NORTH WAS TURNED AGAINST THE SOUTH – CONTROL, TAKE OVER AMERICA ))
The Rothschilds & The Civil War
Excerpted From ‘Descent Into SlaveryBy Des GriffinChapter Five
10-23-7
- It would be extraordinarily naive to even consider the possibility that a family as ambitious, as cunning and as monopolistically minded as the Rothschilds could resist the temptation of becoming heavily involved on the American front.
- Following their conquest of Europe early in the 1800s, the Rothschilds cast their covetous eyes on the most precious gem of them all — the United States.
- America was unique in modern history. It was only the second nation in history that had ever been formed with the Bible as its law book. Its uniquely magnificent Constitution was specifically designed to limit the power of government and to keep its citizens free and prosperous. Its citizens were basically industrious immigrants who ‘yearned to breath free’ and who asked nothing more than to be given the opportunity to live and work in such a wonderfully stimulating environment.
- The results — the ‘fruit’ — of such a unique experiment were so indescribably brilliant that America became a legend around the globe. Many millions across the far flung continents of the world viewed America the Beautiful as the promised land.
- The Big Bankers in Europe — the Rothschilds and their cohorts — viewed the wonderful results borne by this unique experiment from an entirely different perspective; they looked upon it as a major threat to their future plans.
- The establishment Times of London stated: “If that mischievous financial policy which had its origin in the North American Republic [i.e. honest Constitutionally authorized no debt money] should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off its debts and be without a debt [to the international bankers]. It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of the civilized governments of the world. The brains and wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyed or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe.”
- The Rothschilds and their friends sent in their financial termites to destroy America because it was becoming “prosperous beyond precedent.”
- The first documentable evidence of Rothschild involvement in the financial affairs of the United States came in the late 1820s and early 1830s when the family, through their agent Nicholas Biddie, fought to defeat Andrew Jackson’s move to curtail the international bankers. The Rothschilds lost the first round when in 1832, President Jackson vetoed the move to renew the charter of the ‘Bank of the United States’ (a central bank controlled by the international bankers). In 1836 the bank went out of business.
- PLAN OF DESTRUCTION
- In the years following Independence, a close business relationship had developed between the cotton growing aristocracy in the South and the cotton manufacturers in England. The European bankers decided that this business connection was America’s Achilles Heel, the door through which the young American Republic could be successfully attacked and overcome.
- The Illustrated University History, 1878, p. 504, tells us that the southern states swarmed with British agents. These conspired with local politicians to work against the best interests of the United States. Their carefully sown and nurtured propaganda developed into open rebellion and resulted in the secession of South Carolina on December 29, 1860. Within weeks another six states joined the conspiracy against the Union, and broke away to form the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as President.
- The plotters raided armies, seized forts, arsenals, mints and other Union property. Even members of President Buchanan’s Cabinet conspired to destroy the Union by damaging the public credit and working to bankrupt the nation. Buchanan claimed to deplore secession but took no steps to check it, even when a U.S. ship was fired upon by South Carolina shore batteries.
- Shortly thereafter Abraham Lincoln became President, being inaugurated on March 4, 1861. Lincoln immediately ordered a blockade on Southern ports, to cut off supplies that were pouring in from Europe. The ‘official’ date for the start of the Civil War is given as April 12, 1861, when Fort Sumter in South Carolina was bombarded by the Confederates, but it obviously began at a much earlier date.
- In December, 1861, large numbers of European Troops (British, French and Spanish) poured into Mexico in defiance of the Monroe Doctrine. This, together with widespread European aid to the Confederacy strongly indicated that the Crown was preparing to enter the war. The outlook for the North, and the future of the Union, was bleak indeed.
- CZAR ALEXANDER II
- In this hour of extreme crisis, Lincoln appealed to the Crown’s perennial enemy, Russia, for assistance. When the envelope containing Lincoln’s urgent appeal was given to Czar Alexander II, he weighed it unopened in his hand and stated: “Before we open this paper or know its contents, we grant any request it may contain.”
- Unannounced, a Russian fleet under Admiral Liviski, steamed into New York harbor on September 24, 1863, and anchored there, The Russian Pacific fleet, under Admiral Popov, arrived in San Francisco on October 12. Of this Russian act, Gideon Wells said: “They arrived at the high tide of the Confederacy and the low tide of the North, causing England and France to hesitate long enough to turn the tide for the North” (Empire of “The City,” p. 90).
- History reveals that the Rothschilds were heavily involved in financing both sides in the Civil War.
- Lincoln put a damper on their activities when, in 1862 and 1863, he refused to pay the exorbitant rates of interest demanded by the Rothschilds and issued constitutionally-authorized, interest free United States notes.
- For this and other acts of patriotism Lincoln was shot down in cold-blood by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, just five days after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
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Arnold Leese
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Gentile Folly: the Rothschild’s
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ROTHSCHILD influence in the United States of America is of very long standing, but there is no reason to believe the story that the Jew Haym Solomon who helped to finance the War of Independence was an agent of the family, as he died in 1785, before Amschel Rothschild became an international financier.
In 1837 the Rothschilds sent an agent of theirs to establish offices in New York. This was a Jew called Schoenberg, whose name was changed to August Belmont, and who professed Christianity. This Jew had had experience both in the Frankfort and the Naples branches of the Rothschild connection. From 1844 to 1850, Belmont was, through Solomon Rothschild’s influence, made the Austrian Consul-General at New York; he then resigned as a protest against Austria’s treatment of the Hungarian revolutionary, Kossuth. (It is noted here that Kossuth was a friend of Lord Palmerston). In 1853, Belmont became U.S.A. representative to the Netherlands, living at the Hague for several years. After that, in 1860, he became Chairman of the Democratic National Committee. Altogether it is clear that Belmont had a tremendous power in the United States. He became enormously rich and married the daughter of Commodore Matthew Perry who “opened up” Japan to the western nations.
Meanwhile, the Rothschilds “established offices in the Southern States of the U.S.A. for the purchase of wool, which they shipped to France, where they marketed it . . . . They bought up whole tobacco harvests for supplying the tobacco requirements of the various States. Their own ships carried the enormous cargoes between the United States and France.” (A, Vol. II., p. 387).
Thus, when the Civil War (1861-5) broke out between North and South, the Rothschilds of Europe were obviously very deeply involved on both sides. It is important to remember here that they were never in good odour with Napoleon III., who borrowed not from them but from other Jews. Napoleon III. had very definite plans as to the future of America, and the Rothschilds evidently had a somewhat similar scheme. The distrust of Napoleon III. for the Rothschilds, however, made it impossible for them openly to support him in his efforts with money.
Napoleon III.’s idea was to establish a new Empire by acquiring Mexico and some of the Southern United States, and he wanted Britain to come in with him to compel the North to abandon the blockade of the Southern ports. The South (the Confederates), hard-pressed, were trying to secure Napoleon III.’s intervention in their favour, which they hoped to get by offering him some territory, viz.: Louisiana and Texas. The Confederate Government had the Jew Judah P. Benjamin as their Secretary of State, and the Jewish Encyclopædia (B, Vol. III., p. 30) removes all doubt as to what was going on, for it says:
“Unfortunately a thorough study of the diplomacy of the Confederacy has not yet been published, nor any adequate biography of Benjamin, of which that would be the principal chapter. But by such a publication it would be shown how near the Confederacy came to securing European intervention — particularly through the aid of Napoleon III. — by the tempting and statesmanlike efforts of the Confederate State Department under Benjamin’s direction, and to the probable transformation of an insurrection into a successful revolution in consequence.”
That Benjamin had, before the Civil War, actually conversed with Napoleon at Biarritz on this very subject of a French Dominion in America is revealed in Clew’s Fifty Years in Wall Street (Z.3, p. 62).
Aided by Jewish loans, through the Credit Mobilier and backed by the Pereira firm, Napoleon’s nominee, Maximilian of Austria, landed in Mexico in 1864 to become its short-lived Emperor. But the plot failed. Britain would not play her part. The man who prevented it was Tsar Alexander II. of Russia! He sent his fleet, such as it was, across the ocean and put it at Abraham Lincoln’s disposal, so that the British and French knew that if they attempted to carry out the scheme of Napoleon III., they would find themselves engaged in hostilities with Russia. This bit of secret history has never been allowed to become public property. At the time, the Tsar himself did not advertise it because, immediately afterwards, he was forced by the European situation to make friends with Napoleon III. That the Russian fleet was in American waters at the time, under the command of the Tsar’s brother, and was “invited” by Secretary Seward, and that this prevented France and Britain from carrying out their plans is confirmed by Clews (Z.3, p. 59). Clews regarded the presence of the Russian fleet as a lucky incident, but the British and French Government obviously considered it was deliberate.
Now what did the Rothschilds want? Their desires may be estimated fairly accurately by quoting the opinion given by Disraeli on the future of America when the Civil War was over:—“It will be an America of armies, of diplomacy, of rival States and manoeuvering Cabinets, of frequent turbulence, and probably of frequent wars.” (Annual Register, 1863, N.S. cv.21). Disraeli was Lionel Rothschild’s mouth-piece. The Rothschilds wished to reproduce in America the chaotic conditions obtaining in Europe whereby they ruled all States; a united America would be too powerful for them; it must be split, and now was the time to do it, but it was awkward that Napoleon III. would not work with them! What were they to do? There was only one answer. Support both sides and prevent a win outright for either side, and so force apart the North and the South, with the possibility of the North becoming annexed to Canada. In practice, this meant helping the weak South more than the strong North.
That was what the British Government actually did; in spite of much liberal sentiment in sympathy with the North, British policy veered round in favour of the South, and the Confederacy was recognised by it and assisted directly by allowing ships to be built, fitted and even manned for it in British ports; so much so, that, as is well known, Britain had subsequently to pay damages for the activities of the Alabama and Florida on the high seas.
August Belmont in New York supported the North “with the greatest vigour.” “His most valuable service, perhaps, was a constant correspondence with influential friends in Europe, the Rothschilds and others, in which he set forcibly the Northern side in the great conflict.” (Z.4, Vol. II., p. 170). The Encyclopædia Britannica (R, Vol. III., p. 710) also says that he energetically supported the Union and exerted his influence on financiers in England and France in support of the North. Lionel Rothschild thought that the North would win, says Roth (L).
Meanwhile, the other Rothschilds invested heavily in the bonds of the South and so ultimately of course incurred heavy losses. (B, Vol. X., p. 496).
The Rothschilds, I repeat, backed both sides, their material interests being on both sides, and their political interests requiring a long war and a stalemate, which could only be produced by giving more help to the South than to the North.
Had August Belmont any contacts with Judah P. Benjamin, the Jew who was first Attorney-General, then Secretary for War, and finally Secretary of the Confederate Government? I find he had. Belmont’s wife, a Gentile, had an uncle John Slidell (1793-1871), a partner in the law firm of Slidell, Benjamin & Conrad, in Louisiana, and of which Judah P. Benjamin was also a partner! This can hardly be a coincidence; it was obviously Cohen-cadence! Further, Slidell was one of the two commissaries that the Confederacy sent to France to purchase munitions and arrange for supplies, shipping and other help for the South. Slidell was on familiar terms with Napoleon III. (Z.3, p.p. 60-68), and approved of Napoleon’s Mexican Adventure. (Z.4). His daughter married Baron Frederick Emil D’Erlanger, head of the Jew banking firm in Paris, whose father, Baron Raphael Erlanger of Frankfort had been confidential representative of the Rothschilds. The Erlanger firm financed the Confederates (Confederate States of America, by J. C. Schwab, p. 102, New York, 1901) and I have no doubt were assisted by their patrons the Rothschilds, who could do nothing openly because of Napoleon III.’s hearty distrust of them. The Erlangers were also agents for the Credit Mobilier, Rothschilds’ rivals.
Abraham Lincoln tried to introduce State Loans to free the people of America from the clutches of the bankers. We need not be surprised therefore that August Belmont “strongly opposed the nomination and election of Lincoln.” (Z.4, Vol. II.). Lincoln financed the Civil War on state credit, and for that he was murdered in 1865 by the Jewish actor Booth. This Booth was neither a Southerner nor ever owned a slave (A New American History, by W. E. Woodward, 1938, p. 475). An attempt to murder Seward was made the same evening; Seward was the man who gave the invitation to the Russian fleet. An attempt against the Tsar himself was made in Paris in the following year and in 1881 he was blown to pieces by a bomb. Lincoln, Seward and the Tsar were the three people who had chiefly prevented the Jewish partition of the United States!
President Garfield, who held the same views about the true nature of national credit as Lincoln did, was also duly assassinated.
“Lionel Rothschild had a large share in the successful funding of the United States National Debt.” (B, Vol. X., p. 501). This would be the Funding Act, 1866, after the Civil War, which retired a large number of greenbacks (State Credit Notes) although the process was suspended within two years.
In 1893, Pierpont Morgan, Belmont and the Rothschilds supplied the U.S.A. Government with three-and-a-half million ozs. of gold in exchange for bonds carrying four per cent. interest and at a price far below the current market price of such securities. This transaction was very unpopular in the States, and with good reason, for the relief offered to the country’s finances was only of ten months’ duration after which the situation was worse than ever. Then, however, the U.S.A. Government floated a loan selling its bonds to the public, with gratifying results. (A History of the American People, by S. E. Forman, 1922, p. 647).
August Belmont, the Rothschild representative, became Grand Sachem of the Tammany Society which ran Tammany Hall, the centre of boss rule and corruption in New York; this position was extremely useful to the House considering the amount of Rothschild money that was invested in New York. Tammany Hall is a sort of Gentile front for the Jewish Kehilla, or Jewish secret government.
August Belmont died in 1890. His sons, Perry and August, were both prominent in the corrupt politics of the country. Perry Belmont was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1885-9, and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain, 1888-9, and held other important posts. The second August Belmont had a son, Morgan Belmont, and through him a grandson, John Mason Belmont; he carried on the firm for the Rothschilds until his death and now Morgan represents the family in it.
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BETSY ROSS FLAG
The Betsy Ross Flag is probably the most well known of the many American Revolutionary War Flags. The familiar 13 red and white stripes and the blue field with 13 stars in a circle is commonly seen on patriotic memorabilia, books, artwork, tv shows and more. The facts of the Betsy Ross Flag legend come to us primarily from a paper read by her grandson William Canby to the Historical Society of Philadelphia in March, 1870. The story was published by Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in July 1873 and from that point entered into American folklore. Shortly afterwards, it began to appear in school textbooks. Scholars are not completely convinced about the authenticity of the legend however. Read more about the history of the Betsy Ross Flag below.
Click for larger imageBetsy Ross flagBetsy Ross Flag legend
William Canby was the grandson of Betsy Ross. He was only 11 years old when his grandmother died, but he reported that he heard the details of her making the first American Revolution flag from her own mouth. He also reported hearing other family members say they had heard her talk about it as well, including two of her daughters and one niece, all three of whom were still living at the time of Canby’s speech and whom had also signed written affidavits of the fact.
Canby says that his grandmother, Betsy Ross, made the following claims: Some time in May, 1776, three men came to her shop on Arch Street and asked if she could sew a flag according to a design they gave her. The three men were George Washington, Robert Morris and George Ross.
Robert Morris was a delegate to Congress from Pennsylvania. Morris has been called the “Financier of the Revolution.” He was a prominent and active founding father, signing the Declaration of Independence and using his huge fortune to help finance the Revolutionary War.
George Ross was also a member to Congress from Philadelphia. He was prominently involved in the American Revolution being a chief player in the creation of the Pennsylvania Constitution and signing the Declaration of Independence. To give you an idea of how popular and well-known George Ross was, when the Pennsylvania Provincial Legislature was choosing its delegates to send to the second Continental Congress in 1774, George Ross received the second highest number of votes, only behind Benjamin Franklin, who received the most.
by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
George Ross was also the uncle of John Ross, Betsy’s husband who had died in an explosion in January, 1776, as he guarded munitions for the Pennsylvania militia. This left the 24 year old Betsy, who as yet had no children, alone and overwhelmed financially as she tried to make ends meet. The arrival of the three men with the secret flag mission changed her financial fortune forever. The flag she created began a career of flag making that lasted decades and she never had to look for employment again.
George Washington was a personal friend of Betsy Ross according to the testimony of several of her descendants. George Washington and Betsy Ross both attended Christ Church in Philadelphia. Moreover, their pews were right next to one another. At that time people had regular seats in church where they would always sit, so they would have seen one another every time they attended church and both were regular church goers.
According to Betsy Ross’ descendants, George Washington was a regular guest at Betsy’s home, coming there to socialize, as well as for her services as a seamstress. Ross claimed to have embroidered ruffles for Washington’s shirts and cuffs. It was partly due to Washington’s friendship with her that the committee chose to call on her, as well as Mr. Ross’ relation to her by her husband.
When the three men arrived at Betsy Ross’ house, they told her they were appointed to a secret committee appointed to create a new flag for the united colonies. They asked her if she thought she could make a flag and she replied that
“she did not know but she could try; she had never made one but if the pattern were shown to her she had not doubt of her ability to do it.”
Betsy Ross was a seamstress and upholsterer. She and her husband owned a furniture business where they would upholster chairs and such things. She continued in this business after her husband’s death, becoming particularly known as a seamstress, making such things as curtains, bedspreads, clothing, pillows, embroidery, etc. The war caused prices to skyrocket and the colonial economy was in a severe downturn causing many colonists to forego luxury items and even common items that a seamstress would make. This put many seamstresses into severe economic hardship. Consequently, it was common for seamstresses to take on additional work creating flags, uniforms and tents for the soldiers. There were many seamstresses that we know of in Philadelphia who created flags for the war effort.
Philadelphia
Betsy Ross took the gentlemen to her parlor behind her shop where George Ross produced a drawing of the proposed design. It is not known who prepared this design, or what it looked like exactly. After examining the proposal, Betsy Ross made several suggestions as to how to improve the design and make it easier to manufacture.
All of her suggestions are not known, but one had to do with the shape of the flag. Apparently the design was not in the traditional shape of a flag, but was actually a square. Ross told them the width of the flag should be one third longer than its height. The second suggestion was that the stars should be put into a pattern such as a circle or a star. The drawing had them spread around the field of blue randomly. Her third suggestion became her most important contribution to the flag. The stars in the proposed design were six-pointed stars, rather than five-pointed stars. Betsy Ross told the gentlemen that five-pointed stars were much easier to make and proceeded to show them how to create a simple five-pointed star out of a piece of cloth with several folds and a single snip.
The men were quite impressed with her ingenuity and George Washington sat down with a pencil and redrew the design. According to Betsy Ross, the final decision on the design was completely in the hands of George Washington and the other two were merely observers. After the design was decided upon, it was sent to William Barrett, a local painter, to create a watercolor painting of the proposed flag, which Betsy Ross could use for a pattern.
The three men then suggested to Betsy Ross that she go to the shop of a particular shipping merchant at a certain hour who would give her a flag that she could use as a model. Betsy Ross went the following day to meet the merchant and received a used flag from him to use as her pattern, examining it to see exactly how it was sewn and stitched together.
According to Ross, the secret flag committee had also drawn up several other designs, two or three of which had been given to other local seamstresses to create. Some time in late May or early June, Betsy Ross finished her flag and took it to the shipping merchant who had it hoisted on one of his ships, to the delight of local passersby.
The flag was then taken directly to the State House, where it was presented to Congress with a report from the committee. The following day, George Ross returned to Betsy’s house and told her the Congress had accepted her design. He said they were ordering as many as she could produce and wanted her to begin immediately. Betsy Ross was delighted at first because she had been in such a dire financial position after her husband died, but after Mr. Ross left, she began to worry about how she would buy the materials to create so many flags. The cost of raw goods such as silk (which is what flags were made of at the time) and thread had skyrocketed due to the war. She didn’t have any money to buy the materials and most merchants were doing business solely on a cash basis. Even if she could find one who would sell the goods on credit, she was poor and it was unheard of for merchants to extend credit to someone in her financial position.
As Betsy sat worrying about how she would fulfill the order from Congress for as many flags as she could produce, George Ross returned to the store and apologized that he forget to mention something to her. Knowing that she was in a hard place financially, he gave her 100 pounds and told her she could use his credit to buy any needed supplies. Betsy rejoiced that she would now be able to begin working on as many flags as she could make.
Betsy Ross began producing flags and continued making them literally for 50 years. Many of her family members took part in the flag making over the years and her daughter Clarissa carried on the business for another 30 years after Betsy’s death in 1836. According to Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in July 1873, which published the Betsy Ross Flag story to a national audience for the first time, Clarissa gave up the business at the outbreak of the Civil War because she was a member of the Society of Friends, the Quakers, who were against war under any circumstances and she did not want her flags to be used for the war.
The Betsy Ross Flag – Truth or Legend?
Many historians have questioned this version of the creation of the first American Revolution Flag. The reason for the questions is that many of the statements made by William Canby, Betsy Ross’ grandson, in his speech to the Historical Society of Philadelphia, cannot be verified from other sources.
Most of the facts of the story exist only in the testimony of William Canby and three other relatives of Betsy Ross’. In other words, there is no independent documentation from other sources to corroborate the story. Some people have gone so far as to accuse Canby of fabricating the story for personal fame. They say the story can not be true because it cannot be proven. A better assessment would probably be that the story may not be true because it cannot be proven, but on the other hand it may be true, just not provable. Many of the facts are simply unknown. In the following paragraphs, you will find a list of arguments both for and against the Betsy Ross Flag story:
- Canby’s story cannot be verified through other sources. Canby had written to the State Department in Washington, asking if there were any records existing showing how the first flag was created. The State department conducted an exhaustive search of their records and found no other documentation relating to the first flag, except for the Flag Resolution of June 14th, 1777. This resolution states:”Resolved, That the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.”Notice that the Flag Resolution did not specify the layout of the flag, which is why there are several different designs that sprung up. Canby proceeded to go to the State Department in Washington DC himself where he was allowed to comb through the unpublished national archives, something that had never been allowed before. Canby also found no more documentation proving the Betsy Ross flag story. He made his presentation solely on the word of his grandmother, Betsy Ross.
- It is known that Betsy Ross created flags for the US government. The only existing record is a receipt to Betsy Ross from the State Navy Board on May 29, 1777 when she was paid a large amount of money for producing flags. The record was found in the Pennsylvania Archives in the minutes from a Board of War meeting on May 29, 1777. It reads in part, “An Order on William Webb to Elizabeth Ross, for fourteen pounds, twelve shillings, two pence for making ships colours & put into William Richards’ stores.” This is shortly after the Flag Resolution of 1777 was passed and is the only documentary proof that Betsy Ross made flags, although it is well known that she made flags for fifty years. She continued producing flags until at least 1816, but there is no record that she created the “first” American flag.
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George WashingtonGeorge Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief on June 15, 1775. Some scholars have suggested that, in this position, it is unlikely that he would have been appointed to a committee tasked with something so inconsequential as picking out a flag. While it is true that Washington was Commander-in-Chief at this time, we know from his personal letters that he was in Philadelphia during the time of May to early June 1777. This time frame matches Betsy Ross’ testimony exactly. In addition, Congress appropriated 50,000 pounds during this time for the acquisition of “sundry articles” for the Continental Army. It would not be unreasonable to think that Washington would have purchased flags for the army. Indeed, it is well known that George Washington raised the British Grand Union flag, modified with white stripes, at the Battle of Cambridge in January 1776 and that the flag was misinterpreted by the British as a sign of surrender. This alarmed George Washington. He wrote of the incident in a letter a few days later to Joseph Reed and made several statements indicating that independence was probably inevitable. You can read this letter from George Washington to Joseph Reed of January 4, 1776 here. This means Washington knew that independence would probably eventually be declared and that he knew a new flag would be necessary for the colonies. So, Washington had the creation of a new flag in mind for several months, was in town at the time Betsy Ross indicated and Congress appointed 50,000 pounds for army supplies at the same time. All of these facts make Betsy Ross’ story seem plausible.
- There is no existing record of the first American flag transaction within Betsy Ross’ own records, even though she was a thorough recordkeeper.
- There is no independent written evidence that George Washington and Betsy Ross knew one another. However, as was stated before, Washington and Ross likely knew one another from church, as their pews, where each regularly sat, were right next to one another. This makes Ross’ story seem plausible. In addition, George Ross, who was Betsy’s late husband’s uncle, undoubtedly knew her and her situation well. Finally, George Ross’ sister married George Read, another signer of the Declaration of Independence from Delaware, which is right across the river from Philadelphia. This means that George Read was another uncle of John Ross, Betsy’s late husband. So there were two uncles of Betsy’s husband in the Continental Congress. George Read was in frequent communication with both George Ross and George Washington and may have served in more government offices than any other founding father. Beyond that, George Ross’ sister Mary was married to a gentleman named Mark Bird. Mark’s sister Rachel married James Wilson, yet another signer of the Declaration of Independence. The intricate relations of this circle of people makes it highly plausible that Betsy Ross knew each of the players intimately and had regular relations with them.
- Neither George Washington, George Ross, Robert Morris, nor any other member of the Continental Congress made any reference to a national flag in their correspondence
Click for larger imageFrancis Hopkinsonin 1777. The first significant mention of such a flag came from New Jersey signer of the Declaration of Independence Francis Hopkinson in 1780 when he submitted a bill to Congress asking for payment for creating a national flag. As a member of the Naval Marine Committee, Hopkinson is known to have contributed to the designs of several national symbols, including the Treasury Seal, the Great Seal and the Continental Currency. Flags were most commonly used on ships, so it would have been normal for the Marine Committee to have jurisdiction over such a decision. But, Congress did not approve payment of Hopkinson’s bill, saying that many other’s had contributed to the design as well. There is no drawing showing what flag Hopkinson designed. Though the design with stars in the 3-2-3-2-3 layout is often attributed to him, there is no concrete proof. Some scholars have speculated that Ross’ flag came first and Hopkinson’s later. Again, the Flag Resolution did not specify the layout of the stars, so many differing designs were used, but there is no written record showing which came first.
- Because Congress’ Flag Resolution did not occur until 1777, many scholars have said that any suggestion of a previously approved flag is simply not true. Betsy Ross said she created the flag with the circular star pattern a year before this. This seems at first to disprove Ross’ story. However, Congress was known to have appointed committees in secret at times, the details of which were not included in official records, so the idea that a secret committee existed is not out of the question. More likely, Congress was extremely busy at the time, sometimes appointing as many as six committees to oversee various details of the Revolutionary War in a single day. With so much activity going on, it is likely that accurate records were not always kept. A detail as minor as what the flag would look like may not have been an extremely important issue compared with other decisions the Congress was making. It is not unreasonable to imagine that members of the Marine Committee, who all knew Betsy Ross, could have walked a few blocks to her house to talk with her and been back to Congress in an hour. In short, the fact that written records of the flag’s creation do not exist do not prove that this version did not happen. Betsy Ross’ story is at least plausible, just not proven.
- Why is there mention of the Marine Committee and the State Marine Board being involved in the creation of flags? In colonial times, flags were used to identify different regiments of military soldiers, however, the use of flags to identify ships was even more prevalent. The use of flags for identifying the origin of ships goes back to medieval times and may even predate their use on the battlefield. This is the reason that Washington and Ross would have sent Betsy to a shipping merchant for the flag to be used as her model and why she first took the flag back to this merchant to try it out on a ship. It also explains why Frances Hopkinson would have had something to do with designing flags as a member of Congress’ Marine Committee.
- It is unsure whether the revolutionaries considered the 13 star flag as a flag for the entire Continental Army, or for the navy only. The original Flag Resolution of 1777 was submitted to Congress by the Marine committee, so the flag may have been considered solely as a marine emblem. As long as two years afterwards, it was undecided what the actual design of the flag for the army was, as indicated in a letter from Richard Peters at the Board of War to George Washington at Middlebrook, New Jersey on May 10, 1779, in which Peters asks Washington what the official standard is. Read the letter from Richard Peters to George Washington of May 10, 1779 here.
- In a second letter from the Board of War, dated September 3, 1779, the Board sends several flag drawings to Washington asking for his opinion. The Board suggests that a different flag be used for the Marines than for the ground troops, the suggested Marine flag having a serpent in the middle of it, along with the British Union in the canton (upper left corner). This would be in line with the use of the serpent on the First Navy Jack flag that was previously used by the Marines. No drawing has survived though to indicate exactly what Washington and Peters were talking about. All of this indicates though, that people were still unsure what the official flag was, even though the Flag Resolution was passed two years before. Read the September 3, 1779 letter from Richard Peters to George Washington here and read George Washington’s reply to Richard Peters of September 14, 1779 here.
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Click for larger imageBetsy Ross Flag painting
by Ellie Wheeler
Click for larger imageBetsy Ross 1777 by
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
Everyone agrees that the Flag Resolution did not specify a layout for the flag. Some scholars believe the reason for this was that the Betsy Ross Flag was already in useand the resolution was merely confirming the design. In other words, everyone was already familiar with the design, so a more detailed description was unnecessary. This is of course, speculation, but again, it is plausible and cannot be disproved either.
- There is a painting by amateur Philadelphia artist Ellie Wheeler dated 1851 that depicts Betsy Ross talking about the flag with the three men of the secret committee. If this painting is authentic, it means the story related by Canby was known before the Civil War and nearly twenty years before Canby told it. If this is the case, the story was not a fabrication by Canby. A fine arts appraiser known as Raymond M. Spiller and Associates, Inc. appraised the painting in 1985 and said the painting was indeed authentic, dating it to the mid-nineteenth century. Some historians and art experts have refuted this appraisal however. They say the alleged Wheeler painting is actually a less well executed copy of a painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris dated from sometime between 1900 and 1920 when Ferris created a series of paintings commemorating the founding period. Due to the disagreement between art historians, it cannot be determined which came first. If the Wheeler painting came first and the Ferris painting is a later reproduction, the Betsy Ross story was definitely a commonly known story in the public for many years before Canby’s speech. If the Ferris painting came first and the Wheeler painting is the reproduction, the painting cannot be used to verify the Betsy Ross Flag story. The two paintings are obviously identical, except for the skill level, so the question is which came first. So… as with most of the other matters related to the Betsy Ross Flag story… nothing is known for sure!
- Another point that favors Betsy Ross’ Flag story is that George Washington is known to have favored six-pointed stars. Flags in that era frequently had six, seven or eight points. George Washington personally designed his own Commander-in-Chief Flag, also known as the Washington Headquarters Flag.
This flag contained 13 six-pointed stars arranged in a vertical staggered pattern. The six pointed star is a commonly used symbol in Freemasonry, which society George Washington was a part of and is also known as the Star of David, representing the Jewish people or the nation of Israel. Washington is known to have been a strong supporter of the Jewish people. All of this lends to the authenticity of Betsy Ross’ testimony that Washington would have come to her with an original design including six-pointed stars. Critics say the point proves exactly the opposite, that Washington’s known affinity to six-pointed stars would make it unlikely that he would have approved of a five-pointed star.
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George Washington
Family Coat of ArmsGeorge Washington’s family coat of arms included a shield of red and white stripes with 3 five-pointed stars above them. This may have been the origin for the white stripes added to the British Red Ensign flag and would provide an alternate source for the five-pointed stars if the Betsy Ross story is to be discounted. You will see this coat of arms on the Purple Heart medal, an award that George Washington created. Another possible source for the red and white stripes is the Sons of Liberty flag used in Boston. That Washington was aware that a new flag was necessary after the misinterpretation by the British at the Battle of Cambridge is solidly documented. So this could provide a plausible explanation for the design of the flag, but would discount the Betsy Ross flag story, at least in the part about her suggesting the five points, though it wouldn’t refute her making the flag.
- One of the other main contenders for the honor of creating the first American flag is New Jersey signer of the Declaration of Independence Francis Hopkinson. Hopkinson was a prolific artist who made many drawings, poems, songs and more. In the vast
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Francis Hopkinson Flag
aka the 13 Star Flagmajority of Hopkinson’s works, including the creation of flags for many different governmental bodies, he used six-pointed stars. The Francis Hopkinson Flag to the left is normally attributed to him. Late in his career, there are some instances where Hopkinson began using five-pointed stars, but these are much later in his body of work. For years and years, he used only the six-pointed design. In the eyes of some historians, this is another fact that casts doubt on the idea that Hopkinson actually created the first flag with five-pointed stars, removing one of the main contenders for the honor and leaving Betsy Ross as the better candidate.
- George Ross was not actually a member of Congress during the time frame in question. He had been a member of the First Continental Congress in 1774 and was later appointed to the Second Continental Congress on July 20, 1776. This means that Ross did not vote for independence on July 2 or to adopt the Declaration of Independence on July 4. He was in position, however, to sign the document, which was done on August 2. At first glance this seems to refute Canby’s testimony. However, if you read Canby’s testimony closely, he did not say that Ross was a member of Congress at the time the committee came to Betsy Ross’ house. He only says that George Ross was a member of Congress. Since it was a well known fact in years after that George Ross had been a member of Congress, it is not unreasonable to assume that he would be called “a member of Congress” by someone talking about him. Canby was not referring to the time frame, but to the person. George Ross was intricately involved in the independence effort for the duration of the war, even though he was not specifically in Congress from May to June that year. Ross was involved in the Pennsylvania militia, the creation of Pennsylvania’s Constitution, was a delegate to Pennsylvania’s rebel congress, etc. In addition, he was a close associate of many of the members of Congress, including George Washington, Robert Morris and George Read. George Read, another uncle of Betsy Ross’ late husband, was in Congress and is known to have served on a committee with Washington during this timeframe. It is not unreasonable to imagine that Washington and Read, or Washington on his own decided to approach Betsy Ross to make a flag and asked George Ross to go along because of his close relation to her. Or, perhaps they asked Ross whom he would suggest to make the flag and he suggested Betsy. Of course, the actual sequence of events from the time it was decided that a flag was necessary, who made the decision and how they got to Betsy cannot be determined for sure, but, nonetheless, all of the characters in play suggest several plausible scenarios that would verify Betsy’s story.
from Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, July, 1873
- The Betsy Ross Flag story got into the American psyche through an article on flag history published in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine in July 1873. This article contains all the same facts from Canby’s story, except that it places the events in 1777 instead of 1776, fitting the story neatly together with the Flag Resolution of June, 1777. It is plausible and would line up exactly with the time of the payment Betsy received from the State Navy Board for flags, but according to Betsy’s relatives, she said it happened the year before. You can read the Harper’s New Monthly Magazine article, National Standards and Emblems, that relates the Betsy Ross flag story here. The article is on pages 171-181 of the magazine and reviews flag history from ancient times through the Middle Ages to the rise of the British Empire. The Betsy Ross story is not mentioned until page 181. This is the first time the story was published nationally. You will need to increase the print magnification using the tool at the top of the page because the print will be too small to read otherwise.
- William Canby, Betsy Ross’ grandson, prepared a paper that he read to the Historical Society of Philadelphia in March, 1870. In this story he relates that he heard Betsy tell that she made the first flag at Washington’s request from her own mouth. This paper is the main source for information about the Betsy Ross Flag story. You can read The History of the Flag of the United States by William Canby here.
- Rachel Fletcher, Betsy Ross’ third daughter gave a sworn affidavit on July 31, 1871 stating that she also agreed with the relevant facts related by Mr. Canby and that she had also heard the same story from Betsy’s own mouth. Read Rachel’s Fletcher affidavit about the Betsy Ross flag story here.
- Betsy’s granddaughter Sophia B. Hildebrandt signed a sworn affidavit on May 27, 1870, that she had heard from her grandmother on frequent occasions the story of the creation of the Betsy Ross flag. Sophia was the daughter of Clarissa S. (Claypoole) Wilson and granddaughter of Betsy Ross. Clarissa was the daughter of Betsy’s third husband John Claypoole. Read Sophia Hildebrandt’s affidavit about the Betsy Ross flag story here.
- Margaret Donaldson Boggs, who was the daughter of Sarah Donaldson, Betsy’s sister, also signed a sworn affidavit on June 3, 1870, that she had heard her aunt Betsy tell the story of making General Washington’s first thirteen starred flag. Read Margaret Boggs’ affidavit about the Betsy Ross flag story here.
- Samuel Wetherill was a good friend of Betsy Ross for many years. She and his son were the final two members of the Free Quaker Meeting House before they closed it. The Wetherill family tradition stated that Samuel Wetherill visited Betsy Ross shortly after she met with the secret committee from Congress. She told him what happened and showed him the five-pointed star she had cut for them. Wetherill recognized the historic importance of the moment and asked if he could have the star, which she gave him. Samuel Wetherill put the star in the family safe, which was eventually put away into storage. In 1925, the Wetherill safe was opened and Betsy Ross’ five-pointed star was found. It was exhibited for many years at the still standing Free Quaker Meeting House, but has since gone missing.
- There are several accounts which indicate the Betsy Ross flag layout was in use by the fall of 1777. Some historians believe the flag was first mentioned in accounts of the Siege of Fort Schuyler in New York, also known as the Siege of Fort Stanwix, on August 2, 1777. It was allegedly described to them from soldiers who arrived to reinforce them a few days before, which fits in with the timeline, the flag design having been voted on by Congress a month earlier. One witness stated that it was important to the soldiers who took the Fort on the second to have a flag representing the colonies to fly over the conquered fort and that they made one out of their own clothes using white shirts, a blue officer’s coat and red material from women’s flannel petticoats. The written accounts are not completely clear and definitive though. Alfred B. Street described the stars laid out in a circle on a flag at the surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga in October, 1777.
- There are a few records that indicate the Betsy Ross Flag design was in use before the Flag Resolution of 1777, which would match Betsy Ross’ own testimony. Charles Willson
Click for larger imageGeorge Washington
at Princeton
by Charles Willson PealePeale is one of the preeminent artists of colonial America. He painted many of the founding fathers and actually painted George Washington seven times. Peale’s portrait of Washington called George Washington at Princeton is regarded as one of the most accurate physical likenesses of Washington. The painting depicts Washington after the Battle of Princeton, a battle at which Peale was personally present, fighting in the front line at the climax of the battle. There are several versions of this painting because Peale painted a large number of copies due to its popularity, some of which have minor differences in the details. The first one was completed in 1778. Very clearly in the background is a flag with the stars placed in a circle, but is this the Betsy Ross Flag? Or is it another flag that was personally flown by George Washington called the Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag which was flown at his headquarters? If it is the Betsy Ross Flag, as some believe, then some scholars think it is an anachronism, meaning it is an historically accurate flag, but placed out of time. The battle took place on January 3, 1777, six months before the Flag Resolution was passed. If the 13 star design was not chosen until June of 1777, then the depiction of the Betsy Ross Flag at Princeton is clearly not accurate. But according to Betsy Ross’ story, the depiction could be entirely true. Scholars point out many reasons that the painting can be trusted. Peale was obviously familiar with the scene since he was there. He is known to have been meticulous in researching the settings for his paintings. He examined the actual Hessian flags depicted at General Washington’s feet so he could paint them accurately. The flags had been captured and were still in the possession of the Americans. He went to the battlefields of Princeton and Germantown to examine the local landscape for the painting. It is possible that he included a later flag for symbolism’s sake, as the flag became a popular one, but his known adherence to historical detail makes it seem likely that this was the actual flag flown at the battle, clearly reinforcing the Betsy Ross flag story. Another very similar portrait of Washington called George Washington at the Battle of Princeton was commissioned by Princeton University in 1784. Washington sat again for Peale’s portrait and Peale again included the Stars and Stripes with 13 stars in a circle. However, in the opinion of the editor of this site, the flag in Peale’s painting is clearly the Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag and not the Betsy Ross Flag, even though in many historical sources you will find this flag listed as a Betsy Ross Flag.
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Click for larger imageWashington Crossing the Delaware
by Emanuel Gottlieb LeutzeThe painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze is one of the most famous paintings of the American Revolutionary War. It depicts Washington crossing the Delaware River with his troops on December 25, 1776 as they launched their attack on the British at Trenton, New Jersey in the Battle of Trenton. The Betsy Ross flag is clearly depicted in the painting. Many historians discount this painting in considering the accuracy of the Canby story because the painting was not made until 1851. It was clearly not based on first hand knowledge, but was painted from folk lore knowledge of the battle. However, if the Betsy Ross flag did exist at the time of the crossing, as it could have according to her story, it would also line up with Peale’s portrayal of the flag at the Battle of Princeton, which happened one week later.
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Click for larger imageSurrender of General Burgoyne
by Jonathan TrumbullJonathan Trumbull, who was an aide-de-camp to General Washington, was another famous painter during the Revolutionary War times. He painted a series of paintings that used the 13 stars and stripes flag, but in differing designs from the Betsy Ross Flag. He portrayed the stars and stripes at the Battle of Saratoga when General Burgoyne was defeated on October 1777, but with the stars in a square of 12 with one in the center. He also put the stars and stripes at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown in October, 1781, but in several different paintings of the same event, he put the stars in differing shapes, as can be seen in the pictures. The Battle of Saratoga date would match several other already related facts indicating the stars and stripes were in use by the fall of 1777.
- There are numerous other paintings, including those by which use the stars and stripes, with the stars in various patterns, in numerous Revolutionary War Battles, indicating that the design was used frequently starting in the fall of 1777 and possibly earlier. Any that date earlier than the Flag Resolution of June 1777 would seem to corroborate Betsy Ross’ flag story.
- The Betsy Ross Flag story has been accepted as truth by Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,
Betsy Ross Flag story – Summary
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Betsy Ross
In looking at all of the relevant evidence related to the Betsy Ross flag story, the editors of Revolutionary War and Beyond believe that the Betsy Ross legend seems the most credible of the various opinions about who created the first flag of the United States. It should be remembered though that there is no proof of the exact series of events, so no certain decision can be made. There are many related bits of information, such as the close relation of George Ross and George Readto Betsy’s family, Washington’s known affinity for six-pointed stars and Washington’s being in Philadelphia during the time frame Betsy related that seem to lend credence to her story.In addition to these factors, none of the factors of the story can be definitively disproved either and the few points of the story which some scholars point out that create doubt about its authenticity, such as George Ross’ not being a member of Congress at the time, have plausible explanations that show how they may not create doubt at all. In the case of Ross’ not being in Congress at the time, the fact that he had been previously and afterwards and was intimately involved with all of the members of Congress.
Betsy Ross
StarNo matter what actually happened, the Betsy Ross flag story has been burned into the American imagination for 150 years and will undoubtedly remain an integral part of American lore for generations to come. Betsy Ross was certainly an inspiring figure, having lost two husbands to the war, carried on her own business as a widowed single mother throughout the war, manufactured tents, powder bags and blankets for American Revolutionary War soldiers and sewing flags for the American republic for decades. She will undoubtedly continue to inspire generations of Americans in the future. To learn more about Betsy Ross personal life, please read our Betsy Ross Facts page.
Can a five-pointed star actually be made with several folds and a single snip as the Betsy Ross Flag legend tells?? Yes! Learn how to make your own Betsy Ross Star here.
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY FLAGS
Learn about the history and background of the most popular American Revolution Flags, including the Betsy Ross Flag, Cowpens Flag, Bennington Flag, Gadsden Flag and many others, as well as the Star Spangled Banner Flag. You will learn the historical background of each flag and how it came to be used during the Revolution and you may also order your own American Revolution Flags.
Betsy Ross Flag
The Betsy Ross Flag is one of the most well known American Revolution Flags. The commonly believed history is most likely not accurate however. The legend goes that George Washington, Robert Morris and George Ross came to Betsy’s store one day and asked if she could make a flag fashioned after the one drawn on a piece of paper taken from Ross’ coat pocket…
Read more about the Betsy Ross Flag here.
Order your own Betsy Ross Flag.
Read more about Betsy’s personal life at our Betsy Ross Facts page.
13 Star Flag
The 13 Star Flag, with 13 stars on a blue field and 13 red and white stripes was officially chosen by the Congress of the United States as the first official flag of the United States on June 14, 1777. You may not know though, that Congress did not specify the layout of the stars on the first flag, so there were many variations of the design…
Read more about the 13 Star Flag here.
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Bedford Flag
Oldest Flag in North America
One of the oldest American Revolution Flags is the Bedford Flag. It may be the oldest still existing flag in North America. It was probably carried by a Massachusetts Bay Militia company in the French and Indian War and passed down through the years in the possession of the Nathaniel Page family. Tradition says Page carried the Bedford Flag into battle at the Battle of Concord on April 19, 1775…
Read more about the Bedford Flag here.
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Bennington Flag
Family tradition states that the Bennington Flag was taken from the Battle of Bennington, Vermont by Nathaniel Filmore and passed on down to members of the Fillmore family over many years, including at one time, President Millard Fillmore. The flag has the usual 13 stars and stripes, but is unique because the stars have seven points and the stripes are white on the outer edges instead of the familiar red. The Bennington Flag is one of the more popular American Revolution Flags, but it may not have even been at the battle it is named for…
Read more about the Bennington Flag here.
Order your own Bennington Flag.
British Red Ensign Flag
The British Red Ensign Flag, also known as the Queen Anne Flag was the first official flag of the British colonies from 1707 when Queen Anne designated this flag as the new flag of Great Britain and her colonies. The flag became best known as the maritime ensign (the name for flags on ships) of British and colonial ships from 1707 to 1801. Many American Revolution Flags were variations of the British Red Ensign with the Union Jack in the upper left corner upon a field of red, white or blue…
Read more about the British Red Ensign Flag here.
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Bunker Hill Flag
The Bunker Hill Flag is a variation of the British Red Ensign that was commonly flown on American colonial ships before 1707. The pine tree was often added to traditional British flags by colonists as a symbol of freedom. Although the commonly seen version has a blue field, this was an early printer’s mistake that “stuck.” The actual background was red…
Read more about the Bunker Hill Flag here.
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Continental Flag
This Continental Flag is one of many American Revolution Flags with the Pine Tree used in the New England colonies. The Pine Tree was a commonly used symbol to represent freedom in the early colonies. It was often added to British flags to indicate the ship was from New England. It is also sometimes called the New England Flag…
Read more about the Continental Flag here.
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Cowpens Flag
The Battle of Cowpens has been called the most impressive battle victory ever on American soil. The Cowpens Flag was allegedly carried by William Batchelor of the 3rd Maryland Regiment at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781. The flag meets the standards set forth in the Flag Resolution of 1777 and is similar to the Betsy Ross Flag, but with twelve stars in the circle and the thirteenth in the center…
Read more about the Cowpens Flag here.
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Culpeper Flag
The Culpeper Flag was carried by Minutemen from Culpeper County, Virginia who were part of Colonel Patrick Henry’s First Virginia Regiment, into the Battle of the Great Bridge at Norfolk, Virginia on December 9, 1775. This is one of several American Revolution Flags that contain the familiar rattle snake symbol of the colonies. It also features Christopher Gadsden’s words “Don’t Tread on Me,” as well as the famous words from Patrick Henry’s speech to the Virginia House of Burgesses pressing for independence, give me “Liberty or Death!”…
Read more about the Culpeper Flag here.
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First Navy Jack Flag
The First Navy Jack Flag is one of the most well-known American Revolution Flags. It features 13 red and white horizontal stripes, the colonial snake emblem, which was a symbol of unity since the French and Indian War and the phrase “Don’t Tread On Me,” a popular phrase during the Revolutionary War…
Read more about the First Navy Jack Flag here.
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Fort Moultrie Flag
One of the earliest American Revolution Flags was the Fort Moultrie Flag. It was carried by Colonel William Moultrie’s South Carolina Militia at the Battle of Fort Moultrie in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. The flag was adopted by the Minutemen of South Carolina and is the basis for the modern flag of the State of South Carolina. The version currently accepted as the Fort Moultrie Flag is however, not entirely accurate…
Read more about the Fort Moultrie Flag here.
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Gadsden Flag
The Gadsden Flag was created by South Carolina congressman Christopher Gadsden to be flown on the flagship of the American Navy. It has become one of the most popular American Revolution Flags. It was first flown on the ship of Commodore Esek Hopkins, first commander of the US Navy. It was the first flag carried into battle by US Marines. The flag has come to be adopted as a symbol of disagreement with the government and has been widely adopted by the Tea Party movement in the United States…
Read more about the Gadsden Flag here.
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Grand Union Flag
The Grand Union Flag, also known as the Continental Flag was the first (unofficial) flag of the United States and remained so until June 14, 1777 when the Union Jack was removed and the stars were added. The flag was first hoisted by John Paul Jones on the Delaware River and was later flown on Prospect Hill in Massachusetts by George Washington during the Siege of Boston…
Read more about the Grand Union Flag here.
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Green Mountain Boys Flag
Another of the most popular American Revolution Flags is the Green Mountain Boys Flag. It was flown by part of the New Hampshire militia known as the Green Mountain Boys from an area of the New Hampshire land grant that would later become Vermont. The Green Mountain Boys fought under Ethan Allen and Seth Warner to take Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point and under General John Stark at the Battle of Bennington. A piece of the silk flag actually carried by General Stark into the Battle of Bennington still resides today at the Bennington Historical Museum…
Read more about the Green Mountain Boys Flag here.
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Guilford Courthouse Flag
According to Major Edward Bullock, the Guilford Courthouse Flag was carried by his father, Macajah Bullock, into the Battle of Guilford Courthouse as a member of the Granville County, North Carolina militia. It is one of the most unique American Revolution Flags due to its elongated canton (the white part), 8 pointed stars and red and blue stripes. The original flag is now in the possession of the North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh, NC and is the oldest still existing example of an American flag containing stars with 8 points…
Read more about the Guilford Courthouse Flag here.
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Serapis Flag
The Serapis Flag was originally flown by Captain John Paul Jones after he captured the HMS Serapis. Jones captured the Serapis and sailed it into the Dutch port of Texel. The British Ambassador demanded that Jones be turned over to Britain as a pirate because he was not sailing under a known flag (Jones’ flag had gone down with his ship USS Richard Bonhomme). The US Ambassador to France was Ben Franklin who quickly made up a description of an American flag, even though he wasn’t aware of the official design already voted on by Congress. A drawing was made up from his description and sent to the Dutch government which officially recognized the flag. Jones had this flag created from the drawing and the Dutch were legally able to deny turning over Jones as a pirate because he now had a recognized flag…
Read more about the Serapis Flag here.
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Sons of Liberty Flag
The Sons of Liberty Flag had it’s start at the time of the Stamp Act protests. It is probably the basis for several other American Revolution Flags. The Sons of Liberty met under the Liberty Tree in Boston to protest the Stamp Act. The British had the tree cut down and the colonists put up a “Liberty Pole” in its place, with a flag flying from it that had 9 vertical red and white stripes known as the “Rebellious Stripes.” Nine stripes were for the 9 colonies that attended the Stamp Act Congress. After the British outlawed the Rebellious Stripes. The colonists changed the stripes to horizontal and flew it again. The 9 stripes eventually grew to 13 to represent all 13 colonies…
Read more about the Sons of Liberty Flag here.
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Taunton Flag
The Taunton Flag was one of the earliest of the American Revolution Flags. It was simply a Queen Anne Flag with the words “Liberty and Union” added to the red field. It was first flown at Taunton, Massachusetts in 1774. The Boston Evening Post reported the flag and the idea caught on around the colonies. Soon colonists everywhere were flying flags with the word “Liberty” added to them, often flying them from Liberty poles…
Read more about the Taunton Flag here.
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Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag
Washington’s
Commander-in-Chief Flag or
Order your own
Washington’s
Commander-in-Chief Flag
Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag was personally designed by George Washington and was flown at his headquarters no matter where he was during the entire Revolutionary War. For this reason it is also known as the Washington’s Headquarters Flag. Notice that the flag has six-pointed stars, which Washington is known to have favored. This fact is one reason that many historians discount the Betsy Ross Flag story, because the stars in her story had five points…
Read more about the Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag here.
Order your own Washington’s Commander-in-Chief Flag.
Washington Cruisers Flag
The Washington Cruisers Flag was flown on a squadron of 6 ships commissioned and personally outfitted by George Washington before the creation of the Continental Navy, in the fall of 1775 to patrol Massachusetts Bay. It is one of the earliest American Revolution Flags. The pine tree was a commonly used symbol to represent freedom in New England, while the phrase “An Appeal to Heaven” represented the colonists reliance on God in the face of the strongest military power on earth…
Read more about the Washington Cruisers Flag here.
Order your own Washington Cruisers Flag.
Star Spangled Banner Flag
The Star Spangled Banner Flag was the official flag of the United States from 1793 to 1815. It has fifteen stripes and fifteen stars after the first two new states, Vermont and Kentucky, were added to the union. This is the only official version of the United States flag to ever have more than 13 stripes. This is the flag that flew at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 and was the inspiration for Francis Scott Key’s song “The Star Spangled Banner…”
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The History Of The House Of RothschildBy Andrew Hitchcock
10-31-9
- The Rothschilds have been in control of the world for a very long time, their tentacles reaching into many aspects of our daily lives, as is documented in the following timeline. However, before you jump to the timeline, please read this invaluable introduction which will tell you who the Rothschilds are as oppose to who they claim to be. The Rothschilds claim that they are Jewish, when in fact they are Khazars. They are from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia. The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people.
- You will find that approximately 90% of people in the world today who call themselves Jews are actually Khazars, or as they like to be known, Ashkenazi Jews. These people knowingly lie to the world with their claims that the land of Israel is theirs by birthright, when in actual fact their real homeland is over 800 miles away in Georgia.
- So, next time you hear an Israeli Prime Minister bleating about the so- called persecution of the Jews, consider this, every Prime Minister of Israel has been an Ashkenazi Jew. Therefore when all these Prime Ministers have curried favour with the West for their re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, they have knowingly and deliberately lied to you, as they were never from that region, and they well know it, because it is they who call themselves Ashkenazi Jews.
- The Book of Revelation, Chapter 2, Verse 9, states the following which would appear to be about these Ashkenazi Jews:
- “I know thy works, and tribulation and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, butare the synagogue of Satan.” The most wealthy bloodline in the world bar none and the leader of the Ashkenazi Jews in the world today is the Rothschild family. As you will see in the timeline, the Rothschilds have obtained this position through lies, manipulation and murder. Their bloodline also extends into the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names: Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn. However, these are not the only bloodlines to worry about. You are probably aware of the centuries old pratice undertaken by many Ashkenazi Jews whereby they would change their name, in order for them to appear part of the dominant race of the country in which they lived, so as they could obtain influential positions in that country, which they would then exploit to serve their real masters elsewhere. There is plenty of evidence to prove the Rothschilds continue that deceptive tradition.
- Furthermore the Rothschilds are known to sire many children secretly that they can put into positions of power when required. This started with the very first man who took the name Rothschild, who had a secret sixth son. Finally, remember the world is a diverse place, I could if I wanted change my name to Rothschild, or any of the names listed above, and that would not make me part of this family anymore than converting to Judaism in 740 A.D. will make these Ashkenazis Jewish.
- Please, therefore, do not automatically assume someone you see with the name Rothschild or any of the names listed above are part of the Rothschild criminal network. Furthermore and most importantly, the majority of Ashkenazi Jews are innocent and not part of this network. Check the facts out for yourself first, this article is designed to inform people who the enemy is, not single out people of a particular race or people with a particular surname, who may have nothing to do with this Rothschild criminal network.
- 1743: Mayer Amschel Bauer, an Ashkenazi Jew, is born in Frankfurt, Germany, the son of Moses Amschel Bauer, a money lender and the proprietor of a counting house.
- Moses Amschel Bauer places a red sign above the entrance door to his counting house. This sign is a red hexagram (which geometrically and numerically translates into the number 666) which under Rothschild instruction will end up on the Israeli flag some two centuries later.
- 1753: Gutle Schnaper, an Ashkenazi Jew (future wife of Mayer Amschel Bauer), born to respected merchant, Wolf Salomon Schnaper.
- 1760: During this decade Mayer Amschel Bauer works for a bank owned by the Oppenheimers’ in Hanover, Germany. He is highly successful and becomes a junior partner. Whilst working at the bank he becomes acquainted with General von Estorff.
- Following his father’s death, Bauer returns to Frankfurt to take over his father’s business. Bauer recognises the significance of the red hexagram and changes his name from Bauer to Rothschild, after the red hexagram or sign signifying 666 hanging over the entrance door (“Rot,” is German for, “Red,” “Schild,” is German for, “Sign”).
- Now Mayer Amschel Rothschild, he discovers that General von Estorff is now attached to the court of Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau, one of the richest royal houses in Europe, which gained its’ wealth by the hiring out of Hessian soldiers to foreign countries for vast profits (a practice that continues today in the form of exporting, “peacekeeping,” troops throughout the world).
- He therefore makes the General’s re-acquaintance on the pretext of selling him valuable coins and trinkets at discounted prices. As he plans, Rothschild is subsequently introduced to Prince William himself who is more than pleased with discounted prices he charges for his rare coins and trinkets, and Rothschild offers him a bonus for any other business the Prince can direct his way.
- Rothschild subsequently becomes close associates with Prince William, and ends up doing business with him and members of the court. He soon discovers that loaning money to governments and royalty is more profitable than loaning to individuals, as the loans are bigger and are secured by the nation’s taxes.
- 1769: Mayer Amschel Rothschild is given permission by Prince William to hang a sign on the front of his business premises declaring that he is, “M. A. Rothschild, by appointment court factor to his serene highness, Prince William of Hanau.”
- 1770: Mayer Amschel Rothschild draws up plans for the creation of the Illuminati and entrusts Ashkenazi Jew, Adam Weishaupt, a Crypto-Jew who was outwardly Roman Catholic, with its organization and development. The Illuminati is to be based upon the teachings of the Talmud, which is in turn, the teachings of Rabbinical Jews. It was to be called the Illuminati as this is a Luciferian term which means, keepers of the light.
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild marries Gutle Schnaper.
- 1773: Amschel Mayer Rothschild born, the first of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s sons. He like all his brothers who follow him, will enter the family business at the age of 12.
- 1774: Salomon Mayer Rothschild born.
- 1776: Adam Weishaupt officially completes his organisation of the Illuminati on May 1 of this year. The purpose of the Illuminati is to divide the goyim (all non-Jews) through political, economic, social, and religious means. The opposing sides were to be armed and incidents were to be provided in order for them to: fight amongst themselves; destroy national governments; destroy religious institutions; and eventually destroy each other.
- Weishaupt soon infiltrates the Continental Order of Freemasons with this Illuminati doctrine and establishes lodges of the Grand Orient to be their secret headquarters. This was all under the orders and finance of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and the concept has spread and is followed within Masonic Lodges worldwide to the present day.
- Weishaupt also recruits 2,000 paid followers including the most intelligent men in the field of arts and letters, education, science, finance,and industry. They were instructed to follow the following methods in order to control people.
- 1) Use monetary and sex bribery to obtain control of men already in high places, in the various levels of all governments and other fields of endeavour. Once influential persons had fallen for the lies, deceits, and temptations of the Illuminati they were to be held in bondage by application of political and other forms of blackmail, threats of financial ruin, public exposure, and fiscal harm, even death to themselves and loved members of their families. 2) The faculties of colleges and universities were to cultivate students possessing exceptional mental ability belonging to well-bred families with international leanings, and recommend them for special training in internationalism, or rather the notion that only a one- world government can put an end to recurring wars and strife. Such training was to be provided by granting scholarships to those selected by the Illuminati.
- 3) All influential people trapped into coming under the control of the Illuminati, plus the students who had been specially educated and trained, were to be used as agents and placed behind the scenes of all governments as experts and specialists. This was so they would advise the top executives to adopt policies which would in the long-run serve the secret plans of the Illuminati one-world conspiracy and bring about the destruction of the governments and religions they were elected or appointed to serve.
- 4) To obtain absolute-control of the press, at that time the only mass-communications media which distributed information to the public, so that all news and information could be slanted in order to make the masses believe that a one-world government is the only solution to our many and varied problems.
- 1777: Nathan Mayer Rothschild born. 1784: Adam Weishaupt issues his order for the French Revolution to be started by by Maximilien Robespierre in book form. This book was written by one of Weishaupt’s associates, Xavier Zwack, and sent by courier from Frankfurt to Paris. However en route there, the courier is struck by lightning, the book detailing this plan discovered by the police, and handed over to the Bavarian authorities.
- As a consequence, the Bavarian government orders the police to raid Weishaupt’s masonic lodges of the Grand Orient, and the homes of his most influential associates. Clearly, the Bavarian authorities were convinced that the book that was discovered was a very real threat by a private group of influential people, to use wars and revolutions to achieve their political ends.
- 1785: The Bavarian government outlaw the Illuminati and close all the Bavarian lodges of the Grand Orient.
- Mayer Amschel Rothschild moves his family home to a five storey house in Frankfurt which he shares with the Schiff family.
- 1786: The Bavarian government publish the details of the Illuminati plot in a document entitled, “The Original Writings of The Order and Sect of The Illuminati.” They then send this document to all the heads of church and state throughout Europe, but sadly their warning is ignored.
- 1788: Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild Born.
- 1789: Due to the European ignorance of the Bavarian government’s warning, the Illuminati’s plan for a French Revolution succeeded from this year to 1793. This revolution was a bankers’ dream, it established a new constitution and passed laws that forbade the Roman Church from levying tithes (taxes) and also removed its exemption from taxation.
- 1790: Mayer Amschel Rothschild states,
- “Let me issue and control a nation’s money and I care not who writes the laws.” 1791: The Rothschilds get, “control of a nation’s money,” through Alexander Hamilton (their agent in George Washington’s cabinet) when they set up a central bank in the USA called the First Bank of the United States. This is established with a 20 year charter. 1792: Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild born.
- 1796: Amschel Mayer Rothschild marries Eva Hanau.
- 1798: John Robison publishes a book entitled, “Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies.” In this book, Professor Robison of the University of Edinburgh, one of the leading intellects of his time, who in 1783 was elected general secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, gave details of the whole Rothschild Illuminati plot.
- He advised how he had been a high degree mason in the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and had been invited by Adam Weishaupt to Europe, where he had been given a revised copy of Weishaupt’s conspiracy. However, although he pretended to go along with it, Professor Robison did not agree with it and therefore published his aforementioned book. The book included details of the Bavarian government’s investigation into the Illuminati and the French Revolution.
- That same year on July 19th, David Pappen, President of Harvard University, lectured the graduating class on the influence illuminism was having on American politics and religion.
- At the age of 21, Nathan Mayer Rothschild leaves Frankfurt for England, where with a large sum of money given to him by his father, he sets up a banking house in London.
- 1800: Salomon Mayer Rothschild marries Caroline Stern.
- 1806: Napolean states that it is his,
- “object to remove the house of Hess-Cassel from rulership and to strike it out of the list of powers.” On hearing this, Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau, flees Germany, goes to Denmark and entrusts his fortune valued at $3,000,000 at that time to Mayer Amschel Rothschild for safekeeping. Nathan Mayer Rothschild marries Hannah Barent Cohen the daughter of a wealthy London merchant.
- 1808: Nathan Mayer Rothschild has his first son born Lionel Nathan de Rothschild.
- 1810: Sir Francis Baring and Abraham Goldsmid die. This leaves Nathan Mayer Rothschild as the remaining major banker in England.
- Salomon Mayer Rothschild goes to Vienna, Austria and sets up the bank, M. von Rothschild und Söhne.
- 1811: The charter for the Rothschilds Bank of the United States runs out and Congress votes against its renewal. Nathan Mayer Rothschild is not amused and he states,
- “Either the application for renewal of the charter is granted, or the United States will find itself involved in a most disastrous war.” However the United States stands firm and the Charter is not renewed, which causes Nathan Mayer Rothschild to issue another threat, “Teach those impudent Americans a lesson. Bring them back to colonial status.” 1812: Backed by Rothschild money, and Nathan Mayer Rothschild’s orders, the British declare war on the United States. The Rothschilds plan was to cause the United States to build up such a debt in fighting this war that they would have to surrender to the Rothschilds and allow the charter for the Rothschild owned First Bank of the United States to be renewed. Mayer Amschel Rothschild dies. In his will he lays out specific laws that the House of Rothschild were to follow: all key positions in the family business were only to be held by family members; only male members of the family were allowed to participate in the family business, this included a reported sixth secret bastard son (It is important to note that Mayer Amschel Rothschild also has five daughters, so today the spread of the Rothschild Zionist dynasty without the Rothschild name is far and wide, and Jews believe the mixed offspring of a Jewish mother is solely Jewish); the family was to intermarry with it’s first and second cousins to preserve the family fortune (of the 18 marriages by Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s grandchildren, 16 were between first cousins – a practice known today as inbreeding); no public inventory of his estate was to be published; no legal action was to be taken with regard to the value of the inheritance; the eldest son of the eldest son was to become the head of the family (this condition could only be overturned when the majority of the family agreed otherwise).
- This was straightaway the case and Nathan Mayer Rothschild was elected head of the family following his father, Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s death.
- Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild goes to Paris, France to set up the bank, de Rothschild Frères.
- Nathaniel de Rothschild, the son in law of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, born.
- 1814: With regard to the $3,000,000 Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau had entrusted to Mayer Amschel Rothschild for safekeeping, for an account of what happened next we turn to the Jewish Encyclopaedia, 1905 edition, Volume 10, page 494, which states,
- “According to legend this money was hidden away in wine casks, and, escaping the search of Napoleon’s soldiers when they entered Frankfurt, was restored intact in the same casks in 1814, when the elector (Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau) returned to the electorate (Germany). The facts are somewhat less romantic, and more businesslike.” This last line indicates the money was never returned by Rothschild to Prince William IX of Hesse-Hanau. The encyclopaedia goes on to state, “Nathan Mayer Rothschild invested this $3,000,000 in, gold from the East India Company knowing that it would be needed for Wellington’s peninsula campaign.” On the stolen money Nathan made, “no less than four profits: i) On the sale of Wellington’s paper which he bought at 50 cents on the dollar and collected at par; ii) on the sale of gold to Wellington; iii) on its repurchase; and iv) on forwarding it to Portugal.” 1815: The five Rothschild brothers work to supply gold to both Wellington’s army (through Nathan in England) and Napoleon’s army (through Jacob in France), and begin their policy of funding both sides in wars. The Rothschilds love wars because they are massive generators of risk free debt. This is because they are guaranteed by the government of a country, and therefore the efforts of the population of that country, and it doesn’t matter if that country loses the war because the loans are given on the guarantee that the victor will honour the debts of the vanquished.
- Whilst the Rothschilds are funding both sides in this war, they use the banks they have spread out across Europe to give them the opportunity to set up an unrivalled postal service network of secret routes and fast couriers. The post these couriers carried was to be opened up by these couriers and their details given to the Rothschilds so they always were one step ahead of current events.
- Furthermore, these Rothschild couriers were the only merchants allowed to pass through the English and French blockades. It was these couriers who also kept Nathan Mayer Rothschild up to date with how the war was going so he could use that intelligence to buy and sell from his position on the stock exchange in accordance with that intelligence.
- One of Rothschild’s couriers was a man named Rothworth. When the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo was won by the British, Rothworth took off for the Channel and was able to deliver this news to Nathan Mayer Rothschild, a full 24 hours before Wellington’s own courier.
- At that time British bonds were called consuls and they were traded on the floor of the stock exchange. Nathan Mayer Rothschild instructed all his workers on the floor to start selling consuls. The made all the other traders believe that the British had lost the war so they started selling frantically.
- Therefore the consuls plummeted in value which was when Nathan Mayer Rothschild discreetly instructed his workers to purchase all the consuls they could lay their hands on.
- When news came through that the British had actually won the war, the consuls went up to a level even higher than before the war ended leaving Nathan Mayer Rothschild with a return of approximately 20 to 1 on his investment.
- This gave the Rothschild family complete control of the British economy, now the financial centre of the world following Napolean’s defeat, and forced England to set up a new Bank of England, which Nathan Mayer Rothschild controlled.
- Interestingly 100 years later the New York Times would run a story stating that Nathan Mayer Rothschild’s grandson had attempted to secure a court order to suppress publication of a book which had this insider trading story in it. The Rothschild family claimed the story was untrue and libellous, but the court denied the Rothschilds request and ordered the family to pay all court costs.
- Back to 1815, this is the year Nathan Mayer Rothschild makes his famous statement,
- “I care not what puppet is placed upon the throne of England to rule the Empire on which the sun never sets. The man who controls Britain’s money supply controls the British Empire, and I control the British money supply.” He would go onto brag that in the 17 years he had been in England he had increased the £20,000 stake given to him by his father, 2500 times to £50 million. The Rothschilds also use their control of the Bank of England to replace the method of shipping gold from country to country and instead used their five banks spread across Europe to set up a system of paper debits and credits, the banking system of today.
- By the end of this century, a period of time that was known as the, “Age of the Rothschilds,” it is estimated that the Rothschild family controlled half the wealth of the world.
- However something that did not go well for the Rothschilds this year was the Congress of Vienna, which started in September, 1814 and concluded in June of this year. The reason for this Congress of Vienna, was for the Rothschilds to create a form of world government, to give them complete political control over much of the civilized world.
- Many of the European governments were in debt to the Rothschilds, so they figured they could use that as a bargaining tool. However the Tsar Alexander I of Russia, who had not succumbed to a Rothschild central bank, would not go along with the plan, so the Rothschild world government plan failed.
- Enraged by this, Nathan Mayer Rothschild swore that some day he or his descendants would destroy the Tsar Alexander I’s entire family and descendants. Unfortunately he was true to his word and 102 years later Rothschild funded Bolsheviks would act upon that promise.
- Interestingly, world government fanatic and Ashkenazi Jew, Henry Kissinger, did his doctoral dissertation on the Congress of Vienna.
- 1816: The American Congress passes a bill permitting yet another Rothschild dominated central bank, which gives the Rothschilds control of the American money supply again. This is called the Second Bank of the United States and is given a twenty year charter. The British war against the America therefore ends with the deaths of thousands of British and American soldiers, but the Rothschilds get their bank.
- 1818: Following the French securing massive loans in 1817 in order to help rebuild after their disastrous defeat at Waterloo, Rothschild agents bought vast amounts of French government bonds causing their value to increase.
- On November 5th they dumped the lot on the open market causing their value to plummet and France to go into a financial panic. The Rothschilds then stepped in to take control of the French money supply. This was the same year the Rothschilds were able to loan £5,000,000 to the Prussian government.
- 1821: Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild was sent to Naples, Italy. He would end up doing a lot of business with the Vatican and Pope Gregory XVI subsequently conferred upon him the Order of St. George.
- Also, whenever the Pope received Kalmann, he would give him his hand rather than the customary toe to kiss, which showed the extent of Kalmann’s power over the Vatican.
- 1822: The emperor of Austria made the five Rothschild brothers Barons. Nathan Mayer Rothschild chose not to take up the title.
- 1823: The Rothschilds take over the financial operations of the Catholic Church, worldwide.
- 1827: Sir Walter Scott publishes his nine volume set, The life of Napolean and in volume two he states that the French Revolution was planned by the Illuminati (Adam Weishaupt) and was financed by the money changers of Europe (The Rothschilds).
- 1832: President Andrew Jackson (the 7th President of the United States from 1829 to 1837), runs the campaign for his second term in office under the slogan, “Jackson And No Bank!” This is in reference to his plan to take the control of the American money system to benefit the American people, not for the profiteering of the Rothschilds.
- 1833: President Andrew Jackson starts removing the government’s deposits from the Rothschild controlled, Second Bank of the United States and instead deposits them into banks directed by democratic bankers.
- This causes the Rothschilds to panic and so they do what they do best, contract the money supply causing a depression. President Jackson knows what they are up to and later states,
- “You are a den of thieves vipers, and I intend to rout you out, and by the Eternal God, I will rout you out.” 1834: The Italian revolutionary leader, Guiseppe Mazzini, is selected by the Illuminati to direct their revolutionary program throughout the world and would serve in that capacity until he died in 1872. 1835: On January 30, an assassin tries to shoot President Jackson, but miraculously both of the assassin’s pistols misfired. President Jackson would later claim that he knew the Rothschilds were responsible for that attempted assassination. He is not the only one, the assassin, Richard Lawrence, who was found not guilty by reason of insanity, later bragged that powerful people in Europe had hired him and promised to protect him if he were caught.
- The Rothschilds acquire the rights in the Almadén quicksilver mines in Spain. This was at the time the biggest concession in the world and as quicksilver was a vital component in the refining of gold or silver this gave the Rothschilds a virtual world monopoly.
- 1836: Following his years of fighting against the Rothschilds and their central bank in America, President Andrew Jackson finally succeeds in throwing the Rothschilds central bank out of America, when the bank’s charter is not renewed. It would not be until 1913 that the Rothschilds would be able to set up their third central bank in America, the Federal Reserve, and to ensure no mistakes are made, this time they will put one of their own bloodline, Jacob Schiff, in charge of the project.
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild dies and the control of his bank, N. M. Rothschild & Sons is passed on to his younger brother, James Mayer Rothschild.
- 1837: The Rothschilds send one of their own, August Belmont, an Ashkenazi Jew, to America to salvage their banking interests defeated by President Andrew Jackson.
- 1840: The Rothschilds become the Bank of England’s bullion brokers. They set up agencies in California and Australia.
- 1841: President John Tyler (the 10th President of the United States From 1841 to 1845) vetoed the act to renew the charter for the Bank of the United States. He goes on to receive hundreds of letters threatening him with assassination.
- 1844: Salomon Mayer Rothschild purchases the United Coal Mines of Vítkovice and Austro-Hungarian Blast Furnace Company that would go on to be one of the top ten global industrial concerns.
- Benjamin Disraeli, an Ashkenazi Jew (who would go on to become British Prime Minister twice – the only admitted Ashkenazi Jew to do so) publishes Coningsby, in which he characterises Nathan Mayer Rothschild as,
- “the Lord and Master of the money markets of the world, and of course virtually Lord and Master of everything else. He literally held the revenues of Southern Italy in pawn, and Monarchs and Ministers of all countries courted his advice and were guided by his suggestions.” 1845: The Great American Patriot, Andrew Jackson (7th President of the United States) dies. Before his death he is asked what he regarded his as greatest achievement. He replies without hesitation,
- “I Killed The Bank,” This is in reference to the fact he banished the Rothschilds Second Bank of the United States in 1836. Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild (who by now had married his niece, Betty, Salomon Mayer Rothschild’s daughter), now known as Baron James de Rothschild, wins the contract to build the first major railway line across the country.
- This was called the Chemin De Fer Du Nord and ran initially from Paris to Valenciennes and then joined with the Austrian rail network built by his brother (and wife’s father – all sounds a bit sordid doesn’t it) Salomon Mayer Rothschild.
- 1847: Lionel De Rothschild now married to the daughter of his uncle, Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild, is elected to the parliamentary seat for the City of London.
- A requirement for entering parliament was to take an oath in the true faith of a Christian. Lionel De Rothschild refused to do this as he was Jewish and his seat in parliament remained empty for 11 years until new oaths were allowed. He must have been an invaluable representative for his constituency, bearing in mind he could never vote on any bill as he never entered parliament! I wonder how he managed to keep his parliamentary seat for 11 years?
- 1848: Karl Marx, an Ashkenazi Jew, publishes, “The Communist Manifesto.” Interestingly at the same time as he is working on this, Karl Ritter of Frankfurt University was writing the antithesis which would form the basis for Freidrich Wilhelm Nietzsche’s, “Nietzscheanism.” This Nietzecheanism was later developed into Fascism and then into Nazism and was used to forment the first and second world wars.
- Marx, Ritter, and Nietzsche were all funded and under the instruction of the Rothschilds. The idea was that those who direct the overall conspiracy could use the differences in those two so-called ideologies to enable them to divide larger and larger factions of the human race into opposing camps so that they could be armed and then brainwashed into fighting and destroying each other, and particularly, to destroy all political and religious institutions. The same plan put forward by Weishaupt in 1776.
- Eva Hanau, Amschel Mayer Rothschild’s wife dies.
- 1849: Gutle Schnaper, Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s wife dies. Before her death she would nonchalantly state,
- “If my sons did not want wars, there would be none.” 1850: Construction begins this decade on the manor houses of Mentmore in England and Ferrières in France, more Rothschilds Manors will follow throughout the world, all of them filled with works of art. Jacob (James) Rothschild in France is said to be worth 600 million francs, which at the time was 150 million francs more than all the other bankers in France put together.
- 1852: N.M. Rothschild & Sons begins refining gold and silver for the Royal Mint and the Bank of England and other international customers.
- 1853: Nathaniel de Rothschild, the son in law of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, purchases Château Brane Mouton, the Bordeaux vineyard of Mouton, and renames it Château Mouton Rothschild.
- 1854: Caroline Stern, Salomon Mayer Rothschild’s wife, dies.
- 1855: Amschel Mayer Rothschild dies.
- Salomon Mayer Rothschild dies.
- Kalmann (Carl) Mayer Rothschild dies.
- 1858: Lionel De Rothschild finally takes his seat in parliament when the requirement to take an oath in the true faith of a Christian is broadened to include other oaths. He becomes the first Jewish member of the British parliament.
- 1861: President Abraham Lincoln (16th President of the United States from 1860 till his assassination in 1865) approaches the big banks in New York to try to obtain loans to support the ongoing American civil war. As these large banks were heavily under the influence of the Rothschilds, they offer him a deal they know he cannot accept, 24% to 36% interest on all monies loaned.
- Lincoln is very angry about this high level of interest and so he prints his own debt free money and informs the public that this is now legal tender for both public and private debts.
- 1862: By April $449,338,902 worth of Lincoln’s debt free money has been printed and distributed. He states of this,
- “We gave the people of this republic the greatest blessing they ever had, their own paper money to pay their own debts.” That same year The Times of London publishes a story containing the following statement, “If that mischievous financial policy, which had its origin in the North American Republic, should become indurated down to a fixture, then that government will furnish its own money without cost. It will pay off debts and be without a debt. It will have all the money necessary to carry on its commerce. It will become prosperous beyond precedent in the history of civilized governments of the world. The brains and the wealth of all countries will go to North America. That government must be destroyed or it will destroy every monarchy on the globe.” 1863: President Abraham Lincoln discovers the Tsar of Russia, Alexander II (1855 1881), was having problems with the Rothschilds as well as he was refusing their continual attempts to set up a central bank in Russia. The Tsar then gives President Lincoln some unexpected help. The Tsar issued orders that if either England or France actively intervened in the American Civil War, and help the South, Russia would consider such action a declaration of war, and take the side of President Lincoln. To show that he wasn’t messing about, he sent part of his Pacific Fleet to port in San Francisco and another part to New York.
- The Rothschild banking house in Naples, Italy, C. M. de Rothschild e figli, closes following the unification of Italy. The Rothschilds use one of their own in America, John D. Rockefeller, to form an oil business called Standard Oil which eventually takes over all of its competition.
- 1864: Rothschild, August Belmont, who by now is the Democratic Party’s National Chairman, supports General George McClellan as the Democratic nominee to run against President Abraham Lincoln in this year’s election. Much to the anger of Belmont, President Lincoln wins the election.
- 1865: In a statement to Congress, President Abraham Lincoln states,
- “I have two great enemies, the Southern Army in front of me, and the financial institutions in the rear. Of the two, the one in my rear is my greatest foe.” Later that year, on April 14, President Lincoln is assassinated, less than two months before the end of the American Civil War. Following a brief training period in the Rothschilds London Bank, Jacob Schiff, a Rothschild, born in their house in Frankfurt, arrives in America at the age of 18, with instructions and the finance necessary to buy into a banking house there. The purpose of this was to carry out the following tasks.
- 1. Gain control of America’s money system through the establishment of a central bank. 2. Find desirable men, who for a price, would be willing to serve as stooges for the Illuminati and promote them into high places in the federal government, the Congress, Supreme Court, and all the federal agencies. 3. Create minority group strife throughout the nations, particularly targeting the whites and blacks. 4. Create a movement to destroy religion in the United States, with Christianity as the main target. Nathaniel de Rothschild becomes Member of Parliament for Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. 1868: Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild dies, shortly after purchasing Château Lafite, one of the four great premier grand cru estates of France. He is the last of Mayer Amschel Rothschild’s sons to die.
- 1870: Nathaniel de Rothschild dies.
- 1871: An American General named, Albert Pike, who had been enticed into the Illuminati by Guissepe Mazzini, completes his military blueprint for three world wars and various revolutions throughout the world, culminating into moving this great conspiracy into its final stage.
- The first world war is to be fought for the purpose of destroying the Tsar in Russia,as promised by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815. The Tsar is to be replaced with communism which is to be used to attack religions, predominantly Christianity. The differences between the British and German empires are to be used to forment this war.
- The second world war is to be used to forment the controversy between facism and political zionism with the slaughter of Jews in Germany a lynchpin in bringing hatred against the German people. This is designed to destroy fascism (which the Rothschilds created) and increase the power of political zionism. This war is also designed to increase the power of communism to the level that it equalled that of united Christendom.
- The third world war is to be played out by stirring up hatred of the Muslim world for the purposes of playing the Islamic world and the political zionists off against one another. Whilst this is going on, the remaining nations would be forced to fight themselves into a state of mental, physical, spiritual and economic exhaustion.
- On August 15th of this year, Albert Pike writes a letter (now catalogued in the British Museum) to Guiseppe Mazzini in which he states the following,
- “We shall unleash the nihilists and the atheists and we shall provoke a great social cataclysm which in all its horror will show clearly to all nations the effect of absolute atheism; the origins of savagery and of most bloody turmoil. Then everywhere, the people will be forced to defend themselves against the world minority of the world revolutionaries and will exterminate those destroyers of civilization and the multitudes disillusioned with Christianity whose spirits will be from that moment without direction and leadership and anxious for an ideal, but without knowledge where to send its adoration, will receive the true light through the universal manifestation of the pure doctrine of Lucifer brought finally out into public view. A manifestation which will result from a general reactionary movement which will follow the destruction of Christianity and Atheism; both conquered and exterminated at the same time.”
- Pike, who having been elected as Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry’s Southern Jurisdiction in 1859, was the most powerful Freemason in America. He would retain that post for 32 years until his death in 1891. He also published a book on the subject in 1872 entitled, “Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry,” in which he candidly states the following, “LUCIFER, the Light-bearer! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darknesss! Lucifer, the Son of the Morning! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual or selfish Souls? Doubt it not!” 1872: Prior to Guiseppe Mazzini’s death this year, he makes another revolutionary leader named Adrian Lemmy his successor. Lemmy will be subsequently succeeded by Lenin and Trotsky, then by Stalin. The revolutionary activities of all these men are financed by the Rothschilds. 1873: The loss making Rio Tinto copper mines in Spain, are purchased by a group of foreign financiers including the Rothschilds. These mines represented Europe’s largest source of copper.
- 1875: On January 1 of this year Jacob Schiff, now Solomon Loeb’s son- in-law after marrying his daughter, Teresa, takes control of the banking house, Kuhn, Loeb & Co. He goes on to finance John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company, Edward R. Harriman’s Railroad Empire, and Andrew Carnegie’s Steel Empire. This is all with Rothschild money.
- He then identifies the other largest bankers in America at that time. They are, J.P. Morgan who controls Wall Street, and the Drexels and the Biddles of Philadelphia. All the other financiers, big and little, danced to the music of those three houses. Schiff then gets the European Rothschilds to set up European branches of these three large banks on the understanding that Schiff, and therefore Rothschild, is to be the boss of banking in New York and therefore America.
- N M Rothschild & Sons undertake a share issue to raise capital for the first channel tunnel project to link France to England, with half of its capital coming from the Rothschild owned Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Nord.
- This year Lionel De Rothschild also loans Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli the finance for the British government to purchase the shares in the Suez Canal, from Khedive Said of Egypt. This was done as the Rothschilds needed this access route to be held by a government they controlled, so they could use that government’s military to protect their huge business interests in the Middle East.
- 1876: Otto von Bismarck states,
- “The division of the United States into two federations of equal force was decided long before the civil war by the high financial power of Europe. These bankers were afraid that the United States, if they remained in one block and as one nation, would attain economical and financial independence, which would upset their financial domination over the world. The voice of the Rothschilds predominated. They foresaw the tremendous booty if they could substitute two feeble democracies, indebted to the financiers, to the vigorous Republic, confident and self-providing. Therefore they started their emissaries in order to exploit the question of slavery and thus dig an abyss between the two parts of the Republic.”
- 1879: Lionel de Rothschild dies. 1880: Rothschild agents begin formenting a series of pogroms predominantly in Russia, but also in Poland, Bulgaria and Romania. These pogroms resulted in the slaughter of thousands of innocent Jews, causing approximately 2 million to flee, mainly to New York, but also to Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston and Los Angeles.
- The reason these pogroms were initiated, was to create a large Jewish base in America, who when they arrived, would be educated to register as Democrat voters. Some twenty years later, this would result in in a massive Democratic power base in the United States and be used to elect Rothschild front men such as Woodrow Wilson, to the Presidency, to carry out the bidding of the Rothschilds.
- 1881: President James A. Garfield (The 20th President of the United States who lasted only 100 Days) states two weeks before he is assassinated,
- “Whoever controls the volume of money in our country is absolute master of all industry and commerceand when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate.” Edmond James de Rothschild has a son Maurice de Rothschild. 1883: After 6,000 feet of tunnel in the channel tunnel project being excavated, the British government halt the project citing the fact that it would be a threat to Britain’s security.
- 1885: Nathaniel Rothschild, son of Lionel De Rothschild, becomes the first Jewish peer and is takes the title of Lord Rothschild.
- 1886: The French Rothschild bank, de Rothschild Frères obtains substantial amounts of Russia’s oil fields and forms the Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company, which quickly becomes the world’s second largest oil producer.
- 1887: Opium trafficker in China, Edward Albert Sassoon, marries Aline Caroline de Rothschild, the grand-daughter of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild. Aline Caroline’s father, Gustave, together with his brother, Alphonse, took over the Rothschild’s french arm following their father Jacob’s death.
- The Rothschilds finance the amalgamation of the Kimberley diamond mines in South Africa. They subsequently become the biggest shareholders of this company, De Beers, and mine precious stones in Africa and India.
- 1888: Noémie Halphen, future wife of Maurice de Rothschild born.
- 1891: The British Labour Leader makes the following statement on the subject of the Rothschilds,
- “This blood-sucking crew has been the cause of untold mischief and misery in Europe during the present century, and has piled up its prodigious wealth chiefly through fomenting wars between States which ought never to have quarrelled. Whenever there is trouble in Europe, wherever rumours of war circulate and men’s minds are distraught with fear of change and calamity you may be sure that a hook-nosed Rothschild is at his games somewhere near the region of the disturbance.”
- Comments like this worry the Rothschilds and towards the end of the 1800’s they purchase Reuters news agency so they can have some control of the media. 1895: Edmond James de Rothschild the youngest son of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild visits Palestine and subsequently supplies the funds to found the first Jewish colonies there, this is to further their long term objective of creating a Rothschild owned country.
- 1897: The Rothschilds found the Zionist Congress to promote Zionism (a political movement with the sole aim of moving all Jews into a singularly Jewish nation state) and arrange its first meeting in Munich. However due to extreme opposition from local Jews, who are quite happy where they are, this meeting has to be moved to Basle, Switzerland and takes place on 29 August. The meeting is chaired by Ashkenazi Jew, Theodor Herzl, who would state in his diaries,
- “It is essential that the sufferings of Jews.become worse.this will assist in realization of our plans.I have an excellent idea.I shall induce anti-Semites to liquidate Jewish wealth.The anti-Semites will assist us thereby in that they will strengthen the persecution and oppression of Jews. The anti-Semites shall be our best friends.” Herzl is subsequently elected President of the Zionist Organisation which adopts the, “Rothschild Red Hexagram or Sign,” as the Zionist flag which 51 years later will end up as the flag of Israel. Edward Henry Harriman becomes a director of the Union Pacific Railroad and goes on to take control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. This is all financed by the Rothschilds.
- 1898: Ferdinand de Rothschild dies.
- 1901: The Jews from the colonies set up in Palestine by Edmond James de Rothschild, send a delegation to him which tell him,
- “If you wish to save the Yishuv (The Jewish settlement) first take your hands from it, andfor once permit the colonists to have the possibility of correcting for themselves what needs correcting.” Edmond James de Rothschild is very angry about this and states, “I created the Yishuv, I alone. Therefore no men, neither colonists nor organisations have the right to interfere in my plans.” The Rothschild banking house in Frankfurt, Germany, M. A. von Rothschild und Söhne, closes as there is no male Rothschild heir to take it on. 1902: Philippe de Rothschild born.
- 1905: A group of Rothschild backed Zionist Jews led by Georgi Apollonovich Gapon attempt to overthrow the Tsar in Russia in a Communist Coup. They fail and are forced to flee Russia only to be given refuge in Germany.
- The Jewish Encyclopaedia (Vol. 2, p.497) states,
- “It is a somewhat curious sequel to the attempt to set up a Catholic competitor to the Rothschilds that at the present time the latter are the guardians of the papal treasure.” 1906: The Rothschilds claim that due to growing instability in the region and increasing competition from Rockefeller (the Rockefeller family are Rothschild descendants through a female bloodline) owned Standard Oil, this is why they sell their Caspian and Black Sea Petroleum Company to Royal Dutch and Shell. This is another example of the Rothschilds trying to hide their true wealth. 1907: Rothschild, Jacob Schiff, the head of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., in a speech to the New York Chamber of Commerce, warns that,
- “Unless we have a Central Bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in its history.” Suddenly America finds itself in the middle of another typical run of the mill Rothschild engineered financial crisis, which ruins as usual ruins the lives of millions of innocent people throughout America and makes billions for the Rothschilds. 1909: Jacob Schiff founds the National Advancement for the Association of the Coloured People (NAACP). This was done to incite black people into roiting, looting and other forms of disorder, in order to cause a rift between the black and white communities. Jewish historian, Howard Sachar, states the following in his book, “A History of the Jews in America,”
- “In 1914, Professor Emeritus Joel Spingarn of Columbia University became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as Jacob Schiff, Jacob Billikopf, and Rabbi Stephen Wise.” Other Ashkenazi Jew co-founders included Julius Rosenthal, Lillian Wald and Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch. It was not until 1920 that the NAACP appointed its first black president, James Weldon Johnson. Maurice de Rothschild marries Ashkenazi Jew, Noémie Halphen.
- 1911: Werner Sombart, in his book, “The Jews and Modern Capitalism,” stated that from 1820 on, it was the,
- “Age of the Rothschild,” and concluded that there was, “Only one power in Europe, and that is Rothschild.” 1912: In the December issue of, “Truth,” magazine, George R. Conroy states of banker Jacob Schiff, “Mr Schiff is head of the great private banking house of Kuhn, Loeb, and co, which represents the Rothschilds interests on this side of the Atlantic. He has been described as financial strategist and has been for years the financial minister of the great impersonal power known as Standard Oil.
- He was hand in glove with the Harrimans, the Goulds, and the Rockefellers in all their railroad enterprises and has become the dominant power in the railroad and financial power of America.” 1913: On March 4, Woodrow Wilson is elected the 28th President of the United States. Shortly after he is inaugurated, he is visited in the White House by Ashkenazi Jew, Samuel Untermyer, of law firm, Guggenheim, Untermyer, and Marshall, who tries to blackmail him for the sum of $40,000 in relation to an affair Wilson had whilst he was a professor at Princeton University, with a fellow professor’s wife. President Wilson does not have the money, so Untermyer volunteers to pay the $40,000 out of his own pocket to the woman Wilson had had the affair with, on the condition that Wilson promise to appoint to the first vacancy on the United States Supreme Court a nominee to be recommended to President Wilson by Untermyer. Wilson agrees to this.
- Jacob Schiff sets up the Anti Defamation League (ADL) in the United States. This organisation is formed to slander anyone who questions or challenges the Rothschild global conspiracy as, “anti-semitic.”
- Strangely enough, the same year that they do this they also set up their last and current central bank in America, the Federal Reserve. Congressman Charles Lindbergh stated following the passing of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23,
- “The Act establishes the most gigantic trust on earth. When the President signs this Bill, the invisible government of the monetary power will be legalized…….The greatest crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency bill.” It is important to note that the Federal Reserve is a private company, it is neither Federal nor does it have any Reserve. It is conservatively estimated that profits exceed $150 billion per year and the Federal Reserve has never once in its history published accounts. 1914: The start of World War I. In this war, the German Rothschilds loan money to the Germans, the British Rothschilds loan money to the British, and the French Rothschilds loan money to the French.
- Futhermore, the Rothschilds have control of the three European news agencies, Wolff (est. 1849) in Germany, Reuters (est. 1851) in England, and Havas (est. 1835) in France.
- The Rothschilds use Wolff to manipulate the German people into a fervour for war. From around this time, the Rothschilds are rarely reported in the media, because they own the media.
- 1916: On June 4, Ashkenazi Jew, Louis Dembitz Brandeis is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Wilson as per his agreed blackmail payment to Samuel Untermyer some three years earlier. Justice Brandeis is also the elected leader of the Executive Committee for Zionist Affairs, a position he has held since 1914.
- The middle of World War II. Germany were winning the war as they were being financed by the Rothschilds to a greater extent than France, Italy and England, because Rothschilds, did not want to support the Tsar in Russia, and of course Russia was on the same side as France, Italy and England.
- Then a significant event occurred. Germany, although they were winning the war and not one foreign soldier had set foot on their soil, offered armistice to Britain with no requirement of reparations. The Rothschilds were anxious to make sure this didn’t happen as they were expecting to make far more money off this war, so they played another card they had up their sleeve.
- Whilst the British were considering Germany’s offer, Rothschild agent Louis Brandeis sends a Zionist delegation from America to Britain to promise to bring America into the war on the side of the British, provided the British agree to give the land of Palestine to the Rothschilds.
- The Rothschilds wanted Palestine for the following reason. They had great business interests in the far east and desired their own state in that area along with their own military which they could use as an aggressor to any state that threatened those interests.
- The British subsequently agree to the deal for Palestine and the Zionists in London contact their counterparts in America and inform them of this fact. Suddenly all the major newspapers in America that up to that point had been pro-German turned on Germany running propaganda pieces such as: German soldiers were killing Red Cross Nurses; German soldiers were cutting off babies hands, etc, in order to manipulate the American public against the Germans.
- This same year, President Woodrow Wilson, ran a re-election campaign under the slogan, “Re-Elect The Man Who Will Keep Your Sons Out Of The War.”
- On December 12, Germany and her allies offer peace terms to end the war.
- 1917: As a result of Germany’s offer of peace the Rothschild war machine goes into overdrive in America, spreading propaganda which leads to President Wilson under the instructions of American Zionist leader and Supreme Court Justice, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, reneging on his promise to the electorate and taking America into the first world war on April 6.
- As per the Rothschild Zionist promise to the British, to take America into the war, they decide they want something in writing from the British to prove that they will uphold their side of the bargain. The British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour therefore drafts a letter which is commonly known as the, “Balfour Declaration,” which is reprinted below.
- Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917
- Dear Lord Rothschild,
- I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.
- His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
- I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
- Yours sincerely,
- Arthur James Balfour
- The Rothschilds order the execution by the Bolsheviks they control, of Tsar Nicholas II and his entire family in Russia, even though the Tsar had already abdicated on March 2. This is both to get control of the country and an act of revenge for Tsar Alexander I blocking their world government plan in 1815 at the Congress Of Vienna, and Tsar Alexander II siding with President Abraham Lincoln in 1864. It is extremely important for them to slaughter the entire family including women and children in order to make good on the promise to do so made by Nathan Mayer Rothschild in 1815. It is designed to show the world what happens if you ever attempt to cross the Rothschilds.
- U.S. Congressman Oscar Callaway informs Congress that J. P. Morgan is a Rothschild front and has taken control of the American media industry. He states,
- “In March, 1915, the J.P. Morgan interests, the steel, shipbuilding, and powder interest, and their subsidiary organizations, got together 12 men high up in the newspaper world and employed them to select the most influential newspapers in the United States and sufficient number of them to control generally the policy of the daily press… …They found it was only necessary to purchase the control of 25 of the greatest papers…An agreement was reached. The policy of the papers was bought, to be paid for by the month, an editor was furnished for each paper to properly supervise and edit information regarding the questions of preparedness, militarism, financial policies, and other things of national and international nature considered vital to the interests of the purchasers.”
- 1919: In January, Ashkenazi Jews, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, are killed as they attempt to lead another Rothschild funded Communist coup, this time in Berlin, Germany. The Versailles peace conference is held to decide reparations that the Germans need to pay to the victors following the end of the first world war. A delegation of 117 Zionists headed up by Ashkenazi Jew, Bernard Baruch, bring up the subject of the promise of Palestine for them. At this point the Germans realised why America had turned on them and under whose influence, the Rothschilds.
- The Germans, naturally, felt they had been betrayed by the Zionists. This is because, at the time the Rothschilds made their deal with Britain for Palestine, in exchange for bringing America into the war, Germany was the most friendly country in the world towards the Jews, indeed the German Emancipation Edict of 1822 guaranteed Jews in Germany all civil rights enjoyed by Germans.
- Also, Germany was the only country in Europe which did not place restrictions on Jews, even giving them refuge when they had to flee from Russia after their first attempted Communist coup failed there in 1905.
- Nevertheless, the Rothschilds had held up their side of the bargain to spill the blood of millions of innocents and as a result, Palestine is confirmed as a Jewish homeland, and whilst its handover to the Rothschilds takes place it is to remain under the control of Britain as the Rothschilds control Britain. At that time less than one percent of the population of Palestine was Jewish. Interestingly, the host of the Versailles peace conference is its boss, Baron Edmond de Rothschild.
- The Versailles peace conference is also used as an attempt by the Rothschilds to set up a world government under the pretext of ending all wars (which they create). This was called the, “League of Nations.” Fortunately not enough countries accepted it and so it soon died.
- On March 29th The Times of London reports on the Bolsheviks in Russia,
- “One of the curious features of the Bolshevist movement is the high percentage of non Russian elements among its leaders. Of the twenty or thirty commissaries, or leaders, who provide the central machinery of the Bolshevist movement, not less than 75% were Jews.” It is reported that the Rothschilds were angry with the Russians because they were not prepared to allow them to form a central bank within their nation. They therefore gathered groups of Jewish spies and sent them into Russia to drum up a revolution for the benefit of the common man, which was actually a takeover of Russia by a Rothschild controlled satanic elite. These Jewish spies were, in age old deceptive Ashkenazi tradition, given Russian names, for example Trotsky was a member of the first group and his original name was Bronstein. These groups were sent to areas throughout Russia to incite riots and rebellion.
- The Jewish Post International Edition, week ending January 24th 1991, confirms Vladimir Lenin was Jewish. Lenin is also on record as having stated,
- “The establishment of a central bank is 90% of communizing a nation.” These Jewish, Rothschild funded Bolsheviks would go on in the course of history to slaughter 60 million Christians and Non-Jews in Soviet controlled territory. Indeed the author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn in his work, “Gulag Archipelago, Vol 2,” affirms that Zionist Jews created and administered the organized Soviet concentration camp system in which these tens of millions of Christians and Non-Jews died. On page 79 of this book he even names the administrators of this the greatest killing machine in the history of the world. They are Aron Solts, Yakov Rappoport, Lazar Kogan, Matvei Berman, Genrikh Yagoda, and Naftaly Frenkel. All six are Zionist Jews. In 1970 Solzhenitsyn would be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for literature.
- N. M. Rothschild & Sons’ are given a permanent role to fix the world’s daily gold price. This takes place in the City of London offices, daily at 1100 hours, in the same room until 2004.
- 1920: Winston Churchill (whose mother, Jenny (Jacobson) Jerome, was Jewish meaning he is Jewish under Ashkenazi law as he was born of a Jewish mother) writes in an article in the Illustrated Sunday Herald, dated February 8th,
- “From the days of Illuminati leader Weishaupt, to those of Karl Marx, to those of Trotsky, this worldwide conspiracy has been steadily growing. And now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the underworld of the great cities of Europe and America, have gripped the Russian people by the hair of their heads and become the undisputed masters of that enormous empire.”
- 1921: Under the orders of Jacob Schiff the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is founded by Ashkenazi Jews, Bernard Baruch and Colonel Edward Mandell House. Schiff gave his orders prior to his death in 1920, as he knew an organisation in America needed to be set up to select politicians to carry on the Rothschild conspiracy,and the formation of the CFR was actually agreed in a meeting on May 30, 1919 at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, France. The CFR membership at the start was approximately 1000 people in the United States. This membership included the heads of virtually every industrial empire in America, all the American based international bankers, and the heads of all their tax free foundations. In essence all those people who would provide the capital required for anyone who wished to run for Congress, the Senate or the Presidency.
- The first job of the CFR was to gain control of the press. This task was given to John D. Rockefeller who set up a number of national news magazines such as Life, and Time. He financed Samuel Newhouse to buy up and establish a chain of newspapers all across the country, and Eugene Meyer also who would go on to buy up many publications such as the Washington Post, Newsweek, ant The Weekly Magazine.
- The CFR also needed to gate control of radio, television and the motion picture industry. This task was split amongst the international bankers from, Kuhn Loeb, Goldman Sachs, the Warburgs, and the Lehmanns.
- 1925: This year’s Jewish Encyclopaedia, states of the existence of Ashkenazi Jews (who represent approximately 90% of so-called world Jewry), with the startling admission that the so called enemy of the Jews, Esau (also known as Edom, see Genesis 36:1), now actually represents the Jewish race, when on page 42 of Volume V it is stated,
- “Edom is in modern Jewry.” So what they’re basically saying is that these Ashkenazi Jews, who represent 90% of the so-called Jewish population, are actually gentiles or goyim themselves. 1926: N. M. Rothschild & Sons refinance the Underground Electric Railways Company of London Ltd which has a controlling interest in the entire London Underground transport system.
- Maurice de Rothschild has a son, Edmond de Rothschild.
- 1929: The Rothschilds crash the United States economy by contracting the money supply.
- 1930: The first Rothschild world bank, the, “Bank for International Settlements (BIS),” is established in Basle, Switzerland. The same place as where 33 years earlier the first ever World Zionist Congress was held.
- 1933: On January 30, Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. He drives Jews, many of which were Communist out of Governmental positions within Germany. As a result of this, in July, the Jews hold a World Conference in Amsterdam during which they demand that Hitler re-instate every Jew back to his former position.
- Hitler refuses and as a result of this, Samuel Untermyer, the Ashkenazi Jew who blackmailed President Wilson,and is now the head of the American delegation and the president of the whole conference, returns to the United States, and makes a speech on radio which was transcribed in the From the New York Times, Monday, August 7, 1933. In the speech he made the following statements,
- “…the Jews are the aristocrats of the world…Our campaign is…the economic boycott against all German goods, shipping and services…What we are proposing…is to prosecute a purely defensive economic boycott that will undermine the Hitler regime and bring the German people to their senses by destroying their export trade on which their very existence depends… …Each of you, Jew and Gentile alike…must refuse to deal with any merchant or shopkeeper who sells any German-made goods or who patronizes German ships or shipping.”
- As two thirds of Germany’s food supply had to be imported, and could only be imported with the proceeds of what they exported, if Germany could not export, two thirds of Germany’s population would starve, as there would be not enough food for more than one third of the population. As a result of this boycott, Jews throughout America, would protest outside and damage any stores in which they found any products with, “Made in Germany,” printed on them, causing stores to have to dump these products or risk bankruptcy.
- Once the effects of this boycott began to be felt in Germany, the Germans, who had demonstrated no violence towards the Jews up to this point, simply began boycotting Jewish stores in the same way the Jews had done to stores selling German products in America.
- Rothschild financed IBM, supply machines to the Nazis which produce punch cards to help organize and manage the initial identification and social expulsion of Jews, the confiscation of their property and their extermination.
- On November 16, President Roosevelt recognizes the Zionist regime of Stalin in Russia without consultation with Congress even as 8,000 Ukrainians march in protest in New York.
- Also this year, President Roosevelt, born of a Jewish mother, therefore satisfying Ashkenazi rules of being Jewish, orders the all- seeing eye to be placed upon all new dollar bills along with the motto, “Novus Ordo Seclorum.” This is latin for, “A New Order of the Ages.”
- 1934: Swiss banking secrecy laws are reformed and it becomes an offence resulting in imprisonment for any bank employee to violate bank secrecy. This is all in preparation for the Rothschild engineered Second World War in which as usual they will fund both sides.
- Edmond de Rothschild dies.
- 1936: With regard to the increase in anti-semitism in Germany, Samuel Landman (at the time, secretary to the World Zionist Organisation), in his 1936 book, Great Britain, The Jews, and Palestine states the following of the United States entry into World War 1,
- “The fact that it was Jewish help that brought USA into the War on the side of the Allies has rankled ever since in German especially Nazi minds, and has contributed in no small measure to the prominence which anti-Semitism occupies in the Nazi programme.” 1938: On 7th November, a Jew, Herschel Grynszpan, assassinated Ernst vom Rath, a minor official at the German Embassy in Paris. As a result of this German hostility towards Jews in Germany started to turn violent. The Rothschilds Austrian banking house in Vienna, S. M. von Rothschild und Söhne, closes following the Nazi occupation of Austria.
- 1939: I.G. Farben the leading producer of chemicals in the world and largest German producer of steel dramatically increases its production. This increased production is almost exclusively used to arm Germany for the Second World War. This company was controlled by the Rothschilds and would go on to use Jews and other disaffected peoples as slave labour in the concentration camps. I.G. Farben also created the lethal Zyklon B gas that was used to exterminate the Jews.
- On 1 September, the Second world war starts when Germany invades Poland. This was because the German leadership were a Christian leadership, who understood that Soviet Russia was led by Rothschild funded Communists, and they feared that as the Soviet Union grew in strength, these Jewish Communists would invade and wipe all the Christians off the map.
- 1940: Hansjurgen Koehler in his book, “Inside The Gestapo,” states the following, of Maria Anna Schicklgruber, Adolf Hitler’s grandmother,
- “A little servant girl.came to Vienna and became a domestic servant.at the Rothschild mansion.and Hitler’s unknown grandfather must be probably looked for in this magnificent house.” This is backed up by Walter Langer in his book, “The Mind Of Hitler,” in which he states, “Adolf’s father, Alois Hitler, was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber.Maria Anna Schicklgruber was living in Vienna at the time she conceived. At that time she was employed as a servant in the home of Baron Rothschild. As soon as the family discovered her pregnancy she was sent back home.where Alois was born.” On the surface, it would appear Hitler was unlikely to be a Rothschild, but then again, when you discover the benefits that the Rothschilds got out of this war, both financially and politically, a Rothschild connection does not appear as outlandish as it may initially seem. 1941: President Roosevelt takes America into the second world war by refusing to sell Japan any more steel scrap or oil. Japan was in the midst of a war against China and without that scrap steel and oil, Japan would be unable to continue that war. Japan was totally dependent upon the United States for both steel scrap and oil. Roosevelt knew this action would provoke the Japanese to attack America, which they subsequently did at Pearl Harbor.
- 1942: Prescott Bush, father of future American Presidents’ George Herbert Walker and George W, has his company seized under the, “Trading With The Enemy,” Act. He was funding Hitler from America, whilst American soldiers were being killed by German soldiers.
- Jews are also being slaughtered by these same soldiers. Interestingly the ADL never criticizes any of the Bushes for this.
- 1943: February 18th, Zionist, Izaak Greenbaum, head of the Jewish Agency Rescue Committee, in a speech to the Zionist Executive Council states,
- “If I am asked, could you give from the UJA (United Jewish Appeal) monies to rescue Jews, I say, no and I say again no!” He would go onto state, “One cow in Palestine is worth more than all the Jews in Poland!” This is not a surprise, the whole idea of Zionist support for the slaughter of innocent Jews was to scare the survivors into believing that their only place of safety was Israel. How else do you think the Zionists could ensure Jews leave the beautiful European cities in which they live, in order to settle in a desert! 1944: On 6 November Lord Moyne, British Minister Resident in the Middle East was assassinated in Cairo by two members of the Jewish terrorist group, the Stern Gang, led by future Prime Minister of Israel, Yitzhak Shamir. He is also responsible for an assassination attempt against Harold MacMichael, the High Commissioner of the British Mandate of Palestine, this same year.
- Interestingly he also masterminds another successful assassination this year against the United Nations representative in the Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte who, although he had secured the release of 21,000 prisoners from German camps during World War II, was seen by Yitzak Shamir and his terrorist collaborators as an anti-Zionist.
- In Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, two further Rothschild world banks are created. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank.
- 1945: The end of the Second World War. It is reported that I.G. Farben plants were specifically not targeted in the bombing raids on Germany. Interestingly at the end of the war, they were found to have only sustained 15% damage.
- The tribunals held at the end of the Second World War, to investigate Nazi War Crimes, censored any materials recording Western assistance to Hitler.
- The Rothschilds take a giant step towards their goal of world domination when the second, “League of Nations,” called the, “United Nations,” was approved this year.
- 1946: On July 22 the future Prime Minister of Israel, Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, orders another future Prime Minister of Israel, Ashkenazi Jew, Menachem Begin, to carry out a terrorist attack on the King David Hotel in Palestine, to try and drive out the British. As a result of this 91 people were killed, most of them civilians: 28 British, 41 Arabs, 17 Jews, and 5 others. Around 45 people are injured.
- Menachem Begin went on to proudly proclaimed himself as, “the father of modern terrorism.” Just to put the gravity of the attack on the King David Hotel into perspective, it was at the time the biggest death toll as a result of single terrorist action ever and was only surpassed over forty years later by the Bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie.
- 1947: The British who prior to World War 2 declared that there would be no more immigration of Jews to Palestine in order to protect the Palestinians from their acts of terror against both them and British soldiers, transfer control of Palestine to the United Nations. The United Nations resolve to have Palestine partitioned into two states, one zionist and one arab, with Jerusalem to remain as an international zone to be enjoyed by all religious faiths.
- This transfer was scheduled to take place on May 15, 1948. The United Nations had no right to give Arab property to anyone, as indeed even thought the Jews owned 6% of Palestine at that time, resolution 181 granted the Jews 57% of the land leaving the Arabs who at that time had 94% with only 43%.
- Information collected by the ADL in its spy operations on US citizens is used by the House Select Committee on Unamerican Activities. Subcommittee Chair Clare Hoffman dismisses the ADL’s reports on suspected communists as “hearsay.”
- 1948: In the Spring of this year, the Rothschilds bribe President Harry S. Truman (33rd President of the United States 1945 1953) to recognise Israel (Rothschild owned Zionist not Jewish territory) as a sovereign state with $2,000,000 which they give to him on his campaign train.
- They then declare Israel to be a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine and within half an hour President Truman declared the United States to be the first foreign nation to recognise it.
- The Flag of Israel is unveiled. Despite tremendous opposition the emblem on the flag is a blue coloured version of the Rothschild, “Red Hexagram or Sign.”
- This angers many Jews who realise this Hexagram was used in the ancient mystery religions as the symbol of, “Moloch,” (described as a demon of unwilling sacrifice and is also interestingly the name of the stone owl the elite worship at Bohemian Grove), and, “Astaroth,” (described as the Lord Treasurer of Hell).
- The Hexagram was also used to represent Saturn, which has been identified as the esoteric name for, “Satan.” This indicates that anyone killed in the name of Israel is actually a sacrifice to Satan. These dissenting Jews believe the, “Menorah,” the oldest Jewish symbol should be used and pointed out that the Hexagram is not even a Jewish symbol, but of course as the Rothschild Zionists use it that is what ends up on the Rothschild, I mean Zionist, I mean Israeli flag.
- In the early hours of April 19, 132 Jewish terrorists from the Irgun gang, led by future Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and the Stern gang, led by future Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, brutally massacre 200 men, women and children as they are sleeping peacefully in the Arab village of Deir Yassin.
- Following the United Nations transfer of Palestine to an independent Jewish state and an independent Arab state on May 15, the Israelis launched a military assault on the Arabs with blaring loudspeakers on their trucks informing the Arabs that if they did not flee immediately, they would be slaughtered.
- 800,000 Arabs with the recent memory of the Deir Yassin massacre at the forefront of their minds, fled in panic. They asked for help from nighbouring Arab states, but those states did not get involved as they were no match for the Israelis whose up to date military hardware had been supplied by the Jewish Stalinist regime in Russia. Following this assault, the Jews now controlled 78% of the former Palestine as oppose to the 57% that had been given to them illegally by the United Nations.
- The Palestinians, many of them Christians, were never paid compensation for their homes, property and businesses stolen from them during this illegal Jewish assault, and these people ended up in slum refugee cities of tents. Futhermore at least half of the Palestinians in their hurry to flee, left their birth certificates behind. The State of Israel then passed a law that only those who could prove citizenship were allowed to return to Israel, thus meaning these 400,000 Palestinians could not return and lost all their property they had left there.
- Ashkenazi Jew, David Ben-Gurion, one of the father founders of Israel and its first Prime Minister, candidly describes Zionist aims in his diary (21 May 1948) as follows,
- “The Achilles heel of the Arab coalition is the Lebanon. Muslim supremacy in this country is artificial and can easily be overthrown. A Christian State ought to be set up there, with its southern frontier on the river Litani. We would sign a treaty of alliance with this State. Thus when we have broken the strength of the Arab Legion and bombed Amman, we could wipe out Trans-Jordan, after that Syria would fall. And if Egypt still dared to make war on us, we would bomb Port Said, Alexandria and Cairo.
- We should thus end the war and would have but paid to Egypt, Assyria and Chaldea on behalf of our ancestors.” 1949: On October 1, Mao Tse Tsung declares the founding of the People’s Republic Of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. He is funded by Rothschild created Communism in Russia and also the following Rothschild agents: Solomon Adler, a former United States Treasury official who was a Soviet Spy; Israel Epstein, the son of a Jewish Bolshevik imprisoned by the Tsar in Russia for trying to forment a revolution there; and Frank Coe, a leading official of the Rothschild owned IMF. 1950: Israel passes their law of return, guaranteeing every Jew worldwide the right to dwell in the state of Israel, however the Palestinians even though they had lived there for 1300 years, were denied that right.
- John Davitt, former chief of the Justice Department’s internal security section notes that the Israeli intelligence service is the second most active in the United States after the Soviets and of course both Israel and the Soviet Union are run by an Ashkenazi Jewish leadership.
- 1951: On 1 April the Israeli Secret Intelligence Agency the Mossad, which will go on to terrorize the world, is formed. The motto of the Mossad is probably the most disgusting secret service motto in the world, it is,
- “By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War.”
- 1953: N. M. Rothschild & Sons found the British Newfoundland Corporation Limited to develop 60,000 square miles of land in Newfoundland, Canada, which comprised a power station to harness the power of the Hamilton (later renamed Churchill) Falls. At the time this was the largest construction project ever to be undertaken by a private company.
- 1954: “The Lavon Affair.” Israeli agents recruit Egyptian citizens of Jewish descent to bomb Western targets in Egypt, and plant evidence to frame Arabs, in an apparent attempt to upset American/Egyptian relations. Israeli defense minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Pinhas Lavon is eventually removed from office, though many think real responsibility lay with David Ben-Gurion.
- A hidden microphone planted by the Israelis is discovered in the Office of the US Ambassador in Tel Aviv.
- 1955: Edmond de Rothschild founds Compagnie Financiere, Paris.
- 1956: Telephone taps are found connected to two telephones in the residence of the US military attaché in Tel Aviv.
- 1957: James de Rothschild dies and it is reported (by the Rothschild owned media) that he bequeaths a large sum of money to the state of Israel to pay for the construction of their parliament building, the Knesset. He states that the Knesset should be,
- “a symbol, in the eyes of all men, of the permanence of the State of Israel.” On page 219 of his book, “Tales of the British Aristocracy,” L.G. Pine, the Editor of Burke’s Peerage, states that the Jews, “have made themselves so closely connected with the British peerage that the two classes are unlikely to suffer loss which is not mutual. So closely linked are the Jews and the lords that a blow against the Jews in this country would not be possible without injuring the aristocracy also.” Maurice de Rothschild dies in Paris. 1962: de Rothschild Frères establishes Imétal as an umbrella company for all their mineral mining interests.
- Frederic Morton publishes his book, The Rothschilds, in which he states,
- “Though they control scores of industrial, commercial, mining and tourist corporations, not one bears the name Rothschild. Being private partnerships, the family houses never need to, and never do, publish a single public balance sheet, or any other report of their financial condition.” This attitude reveals the true aim of the Rothschilds, to eliminate all competition and create their own worldwide monopoly. 1963: On June 4th President John F. Kennedy (the 35th President of the United States 1961 1963) signs Executive Order 11110 which returned to the U.S. government the power to issue currency, without going through the Rosthchilds owned Federal Reserve.
- Less than 6 months later on November 22nd , president Kennedy is assassinated by the Rothschilds for the same reason as they assassinated President Abraham Lincoln in 1865, he wanted to print American money for the American people, as oppose to for the benefit of a money grabbing war mongering foreign elite.
- This Executive Order 11110, is rescinded by President Lyndon Baines Johnson (the 36th President of the United States 1963 to 1969) on Air Force One from Dallas to Washington, the same day as President Kennedy was assassinated.
- Another, and probably the primary, reason for Kennedy’s assassination is however, the fact that he made it quite clear to Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, that under no circumstances would he agree to Israel becoming a nuclear state. The Israeli newspaper Ha’aretz on February 5, 1999, in a review of, Avner Cohen’s book, “Israel and the Bomb,” states the following,
- “The murder of American President John F. Kennedy brought to an abrupt end the massive pressure being applied by the U.S. administration on the government of Israel to discontinue the nuclear program…The book implied that, had Kennedy remained alive, it is doubtful whether Israel would today have a nuclear option.” Edmond de Rothschild establishes La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (LCF), in Switzerland as a venture capital house. This later develops into an investment bank and asset management company with many affiliates. He also marries his wife Nadine and they have a son, Benjamin de Rothschild. 1965: Israel illegally obtains enriched uranium from NUMEC (Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corporation).
- 1967: The treatment of the Palestinians by the Zionist Jews, finally ignites enough anger in the Arab world for Egypt, Jordan and Syria to mobilise on Israel’s borders. All of these three countries are suddenly attacked by Israel and as a result the Sinai which included Gaza was stolen from Egypt, and the West Bank and the Jordan River stolen from Jordan.
- As a result of this, on June 8, the Israelis launch an attack on the USS Liberty with Israeli aircraft and motor torpedo boats, in an effort to blame it on Egypt, to bring America into the war on their side, and of course follow to the letter, their Mossad motto,
- “By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War.”
- As a result of their attack, 34 American servicemen were killed and 174 wounded. Israel lies as usual, claiming it mistook this warship that was flying a large United States flag, for an ancient out-of- service Egyptian horse carrier El Quseir, that was 180 feet shorter. They also claim the ship was in the war zone, when it was actually in international waters, far from any fighting. The Israeli’s attack on this warship lasts for 75 minutes during which time they shoot up one of the United States flags, resulting in the sailors desperately raising another one.
- In the aftermath of this attack, the American sailors who survived are warned by the United States military not to discuss the matter with anyone due to, “national security.” This story gets no prominence in the Rothschild controlled mainstream media and as usual Israel is in no way even rebuked for their crimes by their subservient country of America.
- The following day, June 9th, Israel illegally occupies the Golan Heights which it seizes from Syria. This area goes on to provide Israel with one third of its fresh water.
- Israeli General Matityahu Peled, is quoted in Ha’aretz (19 March 1972) with the following statement,
- “The thesis that the danger of genocide was hanging over us in June 1967 and that Israel was fighting for its physical existence is only bluff, which was born and developed after the war.” Another sickening and deceptive statement but again at least he’s consistent with the Mossad motto, “By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War.” de Rothschild Frères is renamed Banque Rothschild. 1968: Noémie Halphen, wife of Maurice de Rothschild dies.
- 1970: While working for Senator Henry “Scoop” Jackson, Ashkenazi Jew, Richard Perle is caught by the FBI giving classified information to Israel. Nothing is done.
- British Prime Minister Edward Heath makes Lord Victor Rothschild the head of his policy unit. Whilst he is in that role Britain enters the European Community.
- 1973: In his book, None Dare Call It Conspiracy, Gary Allen states,
- “One major reason for the historical blackout on the role of the international bankers in political history is the Rothschilds were Jewish .The Jewish members of the conspiracy have used an organisation called The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) as an instrument to try and convince everyone that any mention of the Rothschilds and their allies is an attack on all Jews.
- In this way they have stifled almost all honest scholarship on international bankers and made the subject taboo within universities.
- Any individual or book exploring this subject is immediately attacked by hundreds of ADL communities all over the country. The ADL has never let the truth or logic interfere with its highly professional smear jobs
- .Actually, nobody has a right to be more angry at the Rothschild clique than their fellow Jews
- .The Rothschild empire helped finance Adolf Hitler.””
- George J. Laurer an employee of the Rothschilds controlled IBM, invents the UPC (Universal Product Code) barcode which will eventually be placed upon every item traded worldwide and bear the number, 666. The Book of Revelation, Chapter 13, Verse 17 through 18, states the following in relation to this number, “And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred threescore and six.”
- The whole Satanic aims of the Rothschilds are now in full view of the world, everything bought or sold carries the mark of the beast, 666. N. M. Rothschild & Sons British Newfoundland Corporation, Churchill Falls project in Newfoundland, Canada, is completed.
- N. M. Rothschild & Sons also create a new asset management part of the company which traded worldwide. This eventually became, Rothschild Private Management Limited.
- Edmond de Rothschild, a great-grandson of Jacob (James) Mayer Rothschild, bought the cru bourgeois estate of Château Clarke in Bordeaux.
- 1976: Ashkenazi Jew, Harold Rosenthal, aide to Ashkenazi Jew, Senator Jacob Javits, states,
- “Most Jews do not like to admit it, but our god is Lucifer.” 1978: Ashkenazi Jew, Stephen Bryen, then a Senate Foreign Relations Committee staffer, is overheard in a Washington D.C. hotel offering confidential documents to top Israeli military officials. Bryen obtains a lawyer, Nathan Lewin, and the case heads for the grand jury, but is mysteriously dropped. Bryen later goes to work for Richard Perle.
- 1979: The Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty in 1979 was underwritten by United States aid which pledged $3 billion annually to Israel from the United States taxpayer (not even a drop in the ocean when you consider the amount they make off the Federal Reserve).
- Shin Bet (the Israeli internal security agency) tries to penetrate the US Consulate General in Jerusalem through a “Honey Trap”, using a clerical employee who was having an affair with a Jerusalem girl.
- Baron and Baroness Phillipi de Rothschild in a joint venture with Robert Mondavi, begin the construction of a pyramid in Napa Valley, California, where the leader/founder of the Church Of Satan, Ashkenazi Jew, Anton LaVey, was based. This is known as Opus 1 (which means, the first work), and the front for this temple is that it is a winery.
- 1980: The global phenomenon of privatisation starts. The Rothschilds are behind this from the very beginning in order to seize control of all publicly owned assets worldwide.
- 1981: Banque Rothschild is nationalised by the French government. The new bank is called, Compagnie Européenne de Banque. The Rothschilds subsequently set up a successor to this French bank, Rothschild & Cie Banque (RCB), which goes on to become a leading French investment house.
- 1982: From September 16 to 18, future Prime Minister of Israel and then Defence Minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Ariel Sharon, orchestrates Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, which provided ariel lighting in order to facilitate the killing of between 1000 and 2000 men, women and children in the Sabra and Shatila massacres.
- 1985: Eustace Mullins publishes, “Who Owns The TV Networks,” in which he reveals the Rothschilds have control of all three major U.S. Networks, which are: NBC; CBS; and ABC.
- The New York Times reports the FBI is aware of at least a dozen incidents in which American officials transferred classified information to the Israelis, quoting (former Assistant Director of the F.B.I.) Raymond Wannal. The Justice Department does not prosecute.
- Richard Smyth, the owner of MILCO, is indicted on charges of smuggling nuclear timing devices to Israel.
- N. M. Rothschild & Sons advise the British government on the privatisation of British Gas. They subsequently advise the British government on virtually all of their other privatisations of state owned assets including: British Steel; British Coal; all the British regional electricity boards; and all the British regional water boards.
- A British MP heavily involved in these privatisations is future Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, a former Rothschild banker.
- 1986: Mordechai Vanunu a technician at Dimona, Israel’s nuclear installation, from 1976 to 1985, discovers that the plant was secretly producing nuclear weapons.
- His conscience made him speak out and in 1986 he provided the London Sunday Times with the facts and photos they used to tell the world about Israel’s nuclear weapons programme.
- His evidence showed that Israel had stockpiled up to 200 nuclear warheads, with no debate or authorisation from it own citizens. On 30th September 1986, Vanunu was lured from London to Rome. There he was kidnapped, drugged and shipped to Israel.
- After a secret trial he was sentenced to 18 years for, “treason,” and, “espionage,” (something Israel are very familiar with) though he had received no payment and had communicated with no foreign power.
- He goes on to be held in complete isolation for 11 years, only allowed occasional visits from his family, lawyer and a priest, conducted through a metal screen. Although he completes his sentence, the Israeli government continues to hold him against his will.
- 1987: Edmond de Rothschild creates the World Conservation Bank which is designed to transfer debts from third world countries to this bank and in return those countries would give land to this bank. This is designed so the Rothschilds can gain control of the third world which represents 30% of the land surface of the Earth.
- On April 24 the Wall Street Journal reveals the, “Role of Israel in Iran-Contra Scandal Won’t be Explored in Detail by Panels.”
- 1988: The ADL initiate a nationwide competition for law students to draft anti-hate legislation for minority groups. That competition is won by a man named, Joseph Ribakoff, whose thesis proposes that not only must hate motivated violence be banned, but also any words which stimulate: supiscion; friction; hate; and possible violence, these must also be criminalised.
- This ADL prize-winning paper suggests that not only should state- agencies monitor and restrict free speech in general, but they should also censor all films that criticize identifiable groups. Furthermore, even if the person making the statement can justify it, for example Christians criticizing homosexuality because the bible expressly forbids it, Ribakoff asserts that the truth is to be no defence in court.
- The only proof a court will need in order to secure a conviction of hate speech is that something has been said, and a minority group or member of such group has felt emotionally damaged as a result of such criticism. Therefore, under these proposals which the ADL will have forced into law all over the world less than 15 years later, Jesus Christ would have been arrested as a hate criminal.
- This law is designed to protect the Rothschild conspiracy from being revealed in that if you criticize the Rothschilds criminal cabal, you will be targeted as anti-semitic, and thus risk imprisonment.
- Philippe de Rothschild dies.
- 1989: Many of the satellite states in Eastern Europe, through the influence of Glasnost, become more open in their demands of freedom from Communist governance in their Republics.
- Many revolutions happen in 1989, most of them involving the overthrow of their respective Communist governments and the replacement of them with Republics.
- Thus, the hold the Communists had over Eastern Europe (the Iron Curtain) becomes very weak. Eventually, as a result of Perestroika and Glasnost, Communism collapses, not only in the Soviet Union but also in Eastern Europe.
- In Russia, Boris Yeltsin (whose wife is the daughter of Joseph Stalin’s marriage to Rosa Kaganovich) and the Republican government takes steps to end the power of the Communist party by suspending and banning the party and seizing all their property.
- This symbolised the fall of Communism in Russia, and resulted in the start of a mass exodus of 700,000 Jews from the former Soviet Union to Israel.
- In the Israeli Journal, Hotam (24 November 1989), there is a report of a speech that then Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister, Ashkenazi Jew, Binyamin Netanyahu, gave to students at Bar Ilan University in which he states,
- “Israel should have exploited the repression of the demonstrations in China, when world attention focused on that country, to carry out mass expulsions among the Arabs of the territories.” The London and Paris Rothschilds announce the launch of a new subsidiary, Rothschild GmbH, in Frankfurt, Germany. 1991: Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, on January 16 of this year the United States and Britain began an aerial bombing campaign of targets within Iraq. On 24 February the ground campaign commenced which was to last 100 hours until on February 28 when a horrendous war crime occurred.
- This crime was the slaughter of 150,000 Iraqi troops with fuel air bombs. These Iraqis were fleeing on a crowded highway from Kuwait to Basra. President George Herbert Walker Bush ordered United States military aircraft and ground units to kill these surrendering troops, they were then bulldozed into mass unmarked graves in the desert, some still alive.
- President Bush then ordered a cessation of hostilities. What was the significance of this slaughter and President Bush declaring the war over on this day? Well it was the day the, “Day of Purim,” fell on this year. This the day the Jews celebrate their victory over Ancient Babylon, now based within the borders of Iraq and a day when the Jews are encouraged to get bloody revenge against their perceived enemies.
- At the Bilderberg Conference on June 6 to 9 of this year, in Baden- Baden, Germany, David Rockefeller (a Rothschild) made the following statement,
- “We are grateful to the Washington Post, the New York Times, Time Magazine, and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings and respected their promises of discretion for almost 40 years. It would have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world, if we had been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years. But the world is now more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world government. The super-national sovereignty of an intellectual elite and world bankers is surely preferable to the national auto- determination practised in past centuries.”
- 1992: In March, former Federal Reserve Board Chairman, Paul A. Volker became Chairman of the European banking firm, J. Rothschild, Wolfensohn and Co. Stephen Bryen, caught offering confidential documents to Israel in 1978, is serving on board of the pro-Israeli Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs while continuing as a paid consultant, with security clearance, on exports of sensitive US technology.
- “The Samson Option,” by Seymour M. Hersh reports,
- “Illicitly obtained intelligence was flying so voluminously from LAKAM (a secret Israeli intelligence unit, a Hebrew acronym for Scientific Liaison Bureau) into Israeli intelligence that a special code name, JUMBO, was added to the security markings already on the documents. There were strict orders, Ari Ben-Menashe recalled, “Anything marked JUMBO was not supposed to be discussed with your American counterparts.” The Wall Street Journal reports that Israeli agents apparently tried to steal Recon Optical Inc’s top-secret airborne spy-camera system. On September 16th Britain’s pound collapses when currency speculators led by Rothschild agent, Ashkenazi Jew, George Soros, borrow pounds and sell them for Deutsche Marks, in the expectation of being able to repay the loan in devalued currency and to pocket the difference.
- This results in the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, announcing a rise in interest rates of 5% in one day and as a result drives Britain into a recession which lasts many years as large numbers of businesses fail and the housing market crashes.
- This is right on cue for the Rothschilds, after they had privatised Britain’s state owned assets during the 1980’s, driven the share price up, and then collapsed the markets so they could buy them up for pennies on the pound, a carbon copy of what Nathan Mayer Rothschild did to the British economy 180 years before, in 1812.
- It cannot be overstated that the Chancellor of the Exchequer at that time, Norman Lamont, prior to becoming a MP, was a Merchant Banker with N. M. Rothschild and Sons, who he joined after reading Economics at Cambridge.
- 1993: Norman Lamont leaves the British government to return to N. M. Rothschild and Sons as a director, after his mission to collapse the British economy to profit the Rothschilds is accomplished.
- Former Congressman, Paul Findley publishes his seminal book, Deliberate Deceptions: Facing the Facts About the U.S. Israeli Relationship.
- In this book he lists the 65 United Nations Member Resolutions against Israel from the period 1955 to 1992, and the 30 United States vetoes on Israel’s behalf which if not made would have seen Israel have 95 resolutions against them at this point.
- No matter, even with Israel’s puppet the United States helping them terrorise others, the 65 Resolutions passed against Israel are more than all the Resolutions passed against all other countries combined.
- Not that Israel care too much about the views of the United Nations when you consider that less than two weeks after Israel’s attack on the USS Liberty (an attack designed to sink the Liberty and blame it on Egypt prompting the USA into a war with Egypt on behalf of Israeli Lies, remember the Mossad motto, “By Way Of Deception, Thou Shalt Do War”), the Israeli Foreign Minister, Aba Eban, stated of the United Nations,
- “If the General Assembly were to vote by 121 votes to 1 in favor of, “Israel,” returning to the armistice lines (pre June 1967 borders), “Israel,” would refuse to comply with the decision,” New York Times 19 June 1967. The ADL is caught operating a massive spying operation on critics of Israel, Arab-Americans, the San Francisco Labor Council, ILWU Local 10, Oakland Educational Association, NAACP, Irish Northern Aid, International Indian Treaty Council, the Asian Law Caucus and the San Francisco Police. Data collected was sent to Israel and in some cases to South Africa. Pressure from Jewish organizations forces the city to drop the criminal case, but the ADL settles a civil lawsuit for an undisclosed sum of cash.
- 1995: Former atomic energy scientist, Dr Kitty Little claims the Rothschilds now control 80% of the world’s uranium supplies giving them a monopoly over nuclear power.
- The Defense Investigative Service circulates a memo warning US military contractors that,
- “Israel aggressively collects (US) military and industrial technology.” The report stated that Israel obtains information using, “ethnic targeting, financial aggrandizement, and identification and exploitation of individual frailties,” of US citizens. 1996: A General Accounting Office report, “Defense Industrial Security: Weaknesses in US Security Arrangements With Foreign-Owned Defense Contractors,” found that according to intelligence sources, “Country A,” (identified by intelligence sources as Israel, Washington Times, 22 February 1996), “conducts the most aggressive espionage operation against the United States of any US ally.” A pdf file of the report is here: http://www.gao.gov/archive/1996/ns96064.pdf An unformated text version is here: http://fas.org/man/gao/gao9664.htm
- The Jerusalem Post (30 August 1996) quoted the report, “”Classified military information and sensitive military technologies are high-priority targets for the intelligence agencies of this country.” The report described, “An espionage operation run by the intelligence organization responsible for collecting scientific and technologic information for (Israel) paid a US government employee to obtain US classified military intelligence documents.” The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (Shawn L. Twing, April 1996) noted that this was,
- “a reference to the 1985 arrest of Jonathan Pollard, a civilian US naval intelligence analyst who provided Israel’s LAKAM espionage agency an estimated 800,000 pages of classified US intelligence information.” http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0496/9604014.htm
- The GAO report also noted that, “Several citizens of (Israel) were caught in the United States stealing sensitive technology used in manufacturing artillery gun tubes.”
- An Office of Naval Intelligence document, “Worldwide Challenges to Naval Strike Warfare” reported that,
- “US technology has been acquired (by China) through Israel in the form of the Lavi fighter and possibly SAM (surface-to-air) missile technology.” Jane’s Defense Weekly (28 February 1996) noted that, “until now, the intelligence community has not openly confirmed the transfer of US technology (via Israel) to China.” The report noted that this, “represents a dramatic step forward for Chinese military aviation.” (Flight International, 13 March 1996). Amschel Rothschild, 41, is strangled with the heavy cord of his own towel robe in his hotel room in Paris. French Prime Minister orders the French Police to close their investigation, and, Rupert Murdoch, born of a Jewish mother and so a Jew by Ashkenazi standards, instructs his editors and news managers around the world to report it as a heart attack, if they need to report it at all.
- On 12 May United Nations Ambassador and Ashkenazi Jew, Madeleine Albright, when appearing on 60 Minutes, was asked the following by correspondent Lesley Stahl, in reference to the years of United States led economic sanctions against Iraq,
- “We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that is more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?” To which Ambassador Albright replied, “I think that is a very hard choice, but the price, we think, the price is worth it.” Her comments cause no public outcry. In fact, the holocaust of half a million Iraqi children is positively admired by the United States government when you consider less than 8 months later, President Clinton appointed Albright as secretary of state. Whilst appearing before the Senate Committee, who were considering her appointment, Albright is literally chomping at the bit for the blood of more Iraqi children and she states, “We will insist on maintaining tough UN sanctions against Iraq unless and until that regime complies with relevant Security Council resolutions.” 1997: An Army mechanical engineer, Ashkenazi Jew, David A. Tenenbaum, “inadvertently,” gives classified military information on missile systems and armored vehicles to Israeli officials (New York Times, 20 February 1997). The Washington Post reports US intelligence has intercepted a conversation in which two Israeli officials had discussed the possibility of getting a confidential letter that then-Secretary of State Warren Christopher had written to Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.
- One of the Israelis, identified only as, “Dov,” had commented that they may get the letter from, “Mega,” the code name for Israel’s top agent inside the United States.
- US ambassador to Israel, Martin Indyk, complains privately to the Israeli government about heavy-handed surveillance by Israeli intelligence agents.
- Israeli agents place a tap on Ashkenazi Jew and daughter of a Rabbi, Monica Lewinsky’s, phone at the Watergate and record phone sex sessions between her and President Bill Clinton. The Ken Starr report confirms that Clinton warned Lewinsky their conversations were being taped and ended the affair. Interestingly, at the same time, the FBI’s hunt for, “Mega,” is called off.
- On 29 October Edmond de Rothschild dies in Geneva. Interestingly on the exact same day Anton Szandor LaVey, the founder of the Church of Satan also dies, who in his book, “Satan Speaks,” he states in relation to The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion,
- “The first time I read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, my instinctive reaction was, So what’s wrong with THAT? Isn’t that the way any master plan should work? Doesn’t the public deserve – nay, demand – such despotism?” Kofi Annan becomes Secretary General to the United Nations. He is married to Nane Lagergren, a Rothschild, who he wed in 1984. 1998: The European Central Bank is set up in Frankfurt, the city from which the Rothschilds originate.
- 2000: George W. Bush is elected (so they tell me) President of the United States. Bush and his family claim to be descendants of the House of Plantagenet which is descended from the Royal House of Judah.
- 2001: On September 11th the attack on the World Trade Center is orchestrated by Israel with the complicity of Britain and America, under the orders of the Rothschilds as a pretext for removing the liberty of people worldwide in exchange for security, just as happened with the Reichstag fire in Germany where the citizens were lied to in order to give up liberty for security.
- They also will use the attacks to gain control of the few nations in the world who don’t allow Rothschild central banks and so less than one month after these attacks, US forces attack Afghanistan, one of only 7 nations in the world who don’t have a Rothschild controlled central bank.
- Less than a week before the 9-11 attack on 5 September, the so-called lead hijacker Mohamed Atta and several other hijackers made a still- unexplained visit onboard one of Pro Israeli lobbyist, Ashkenazi Jew, Jack Abramoff’s casino boats.
- No investigation is undertook as to what they were doing there. It is discovered that US drug agents’ communications have been penetrated. Suspicion falls on two companies, AMDOCS and Comverse Infosys, both owned by Israelis. AMDOCS generates billing data for most US phone companies and is able to provide detailed logs of who is talking to whom.
- Comverse Infosys builds the tapping equipment used by law enforcement to eavesdrop on all American telephone calls, but suspicion forms that Comverse Infosys, which gets half of its research and development budget from the Israeli government, has built a back door into the system that is being exploited by Israeli intelligence and that the information gleaned on US drug interdiction efforts is finding its way to drug smugglers.
- The investigation by the FBI leads to the exposure of the largest foreign spy ring ever uncovered inside the United States, operated by Israel. Half of the suspected spies have been arrested when 9-11 happens.
- On 9-11, 5 Israelis are arrested for dancing and cheering while the World Trade Towers collapse. Supposedly employed by Urban Moving Systems, the Israelis are caught with multiple passports and a lot of cash.
- Two of them are later revealed to be Mossad. As witness reports track the activity of the Israelis, it emerges that they were seen at Liberty Park at the time of the first impact, suggesting a foreknowledge of what was to come. The Israelis are interrogated, and then eventually sent back to Israel.
- The owner of the moving company used as a cover by the Mossad agents abandons his business and flees to Israel. The United States Government then classifies all of the evidence related to the Israeli agents and their connections to 9-11.
- All of this is reported to the public via a four part story on Fox News by Carl Cameron. Pressure from Jewish groups, primarily AIPAC, forces Fox News to remove the story from their website. Two hours prior to the 9-11 attacks, Odigo, an Israeli company with offices just a few blocks from the World Trade Towers, receives an advance warning via the internet.
- The manager of the New York Office provides the FBI with the IP address of the sender of the message, but the FBI does not follow this up. The FBI is investigating 5 Israeli moving companies as possible fronts for Israeli intelligence.
- It is revealed that prior to the attack millions of dollars of put options on both American Airlines and United Airlines, were traded. The FBI have promised to followed the purchasers up, but have never revealed their findings. That is because this would lead directly to Israel, the state behind the 911 attacks.
- Following the World Trade Center attack, anonymous letters containing anthrax are sent to various politicians and media executives. Like the 9-11 attack this is immediately blamed on Al-Qaeda , until it is discovered that the anthrax contained within those letters is a specific type of weaponized anthrax made by a United States military laboratory.
- The FBI then discover that the main suspect for these anthrax letters is a Ashkenazi Jew, Dr. Philip Zack, who had been reprimanded several times by his employers due to offensive remarks he made about Arabs. Dr. Philip Zack, was caught on camera entering the storage area where he worked at Fort Detrick which is where the Anthrax was kept. At this point, both the FBI and the mainstream media stopped making any public comments on the case.
- Jewish Defence League Chairman since 1985, Ashkenazi Jew, Irv Rubin is jailed for allegedly plotting to bomb a mosque and the offices of a Arab-American congressman. He dies shortly after slitting his throat in a suicide attempt, before he can be brought to trial.
- One week prior to the WTC attack, the Zim Shipping Company moves out of its offices in the WTC, breaking its lease and costing the company $50,000. No reason has ever been given, but Zim Shipping Company is half owned by the State of Israel (The Rothschilds).
- On October 3, Israeli Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon, makes the following statement to Ashkenazi Jew, Shimon Peres, as reported on Kol Yisrael radio.
- “Every time we do something you tell me America will do this and will do that….I want to tell you something very clear, don’t worry about American pressure on Israel. We, the Jewish people, control America, and the Americans know it.” 2002: Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged), re- printed in 2002, provides a new definition of Anti Semitism which has not been updated since 1956. It reads, “Anti-Semitism: (1) hostility toward Jews as a religious or racial minority group, often accompanied by social, political or economic discrimination (2) opposition to Zionism (3) sympathy for the opponents of Israel.” It was definition (2) and (3) that were added in the 2002 edition, just before the USA decide to invade Iraq under orders from the State of Rothschild, I mean Israel. Also this year, the Prime Minister of Israel, war criminal, Ariel Sharon, orders the massacre in the Jenin refugee camp in the West Bank. Best get that definition updated to protect these criminals. The DEA issues a report that Israeli spies, posing as art students, have been trying to penetrate US Government offices. Police near the Whidbey Island Naval Air Station in southern Washington State stop a suspicious truck and detain two Israelis, one of whom is illegally in the United States. The two men were driving at high speed in a Ryder rental truck, which they claimed had been used to, “deliver furniture.”
- The next day, police discovered traces of TNT and RDX military-grade plastic explosives inside the passenger cabin and on the steering wheel of the vehicle. The FBI then announces that the tests that showed explosives were, “false positived,” by cigarette smoke, a claim test experts say is ridiculous.
- Based on an alibi provided by a woman, the case is closed and the Israelis are handed over to INS to be sent back to Israel. One week later, the woman who provided the alibi vanishes.
- 2003: The United States invade Iraq on 19 March, which this year is the holy, “Day of Purim,” in the Jewish calendar. This, “Day of Purim,” is a day the Jews celebrate their victory over Ancient Babylon, now based within the borders of Iraq, how interesting.
- What is also significant is that the previous U.S. led invasion of Iraq ended on the Day of Purim ten years earlier with the slaughter of 150,000 fleeing Iraqis under the current President’s father, George Herbert Walker Bush. Purim is also the time when the Jews are encouraged to get bloody revenge against their perceived enemies.
- Ancient Babylon, I mean Iraq, is now one of six nations left in the world who don’t have a Rothschild controlled central bank. This war is mainly about stealing Iraq’s water supply for Israel and is being fought with the blood of the American military which the State of Rothschild, I mean Israel control.
- Israel has always struggled for water, it had to steal the Golan Heights from Syria which provided Israel with one third of its fresh water 36 years before, yet still in Israel water extraction has surpassed replacement by 2.5 billion metres in the last 25 years.
- This means the water is far more precious to them than the oil reserves which are the second largest reserves of oil on the planet.
- Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed states in a speech,
- “Jews rule the world by proxy. They get others to fight and die for them.” The Police Chief of Cloudcroft stops a truck speeding through a school zone. The drivers turn out to be Israelis with expired passports. Claiming to be movers, the truck contains junk furniture and several boxes. The Israelis are handed over to immigration. The contents of the boxers are not revealed to the public.
- Israel deploys assassination squads into other countries, including the United States. The US Government does not protest.
- 2004: Two years into an investigation of AIPAC’s (The American Israel Public Affairs Committee the largest political lobbying group in the USA with over 65,000 members whose only purpose is to use the USA for the purposes of Israel) possible role as a spy front for Israel, Ashkenazi Jew, Larry Franklin, a mid-level Pentagon Analyst is observed by the FBI giving classified information to two officials of AIPAC suspected of being Israeli spies.
- AIPAC hires lawyer Nathan Lewin to handle their legal defense, the same lawyer who defended suspected Israeli spy Stephen Bryen in 1978. Larry Franklin worked in the Pentagon Office of Special Plans, run by Richard Perle, at the time Perle (who was caught giving classified information to Israel back in 1970) was insisting that Iraq was crawling with weapons of mass destruction requiring the United States to invade and conquer Iraq.
- There were no WMDs, of course, and Perle has dumped the blame for the, “bad intelligence,” on George Tenet. But what is known is that the Pentagon Office of Special Plans was coordinating with a similar group in Israel, in Ariel Sharon’s office.
- With two suspected Israeli spies (at least) inside the office from which the lies that launched the war in Iraq originated, it appears that the people of the United States are the victims of a deadly hoax, a hoax that started a war using the blood and money of American citizens for the purposes of Israeli oppression.
- The leaking of the investigation of AIPAC to the media on August 28th, 2004 gave advance warning to other spies working with Franklin. The damage to the FBI’s investigation was completed when United States Attorney General John Ashcroft ordered the FBI to stop all arrests in the case.
- Like the Stephen Bryen case and the hunt for, “Mega,” this latest spy scandal seems destined by officials who have their own secret allegiances to protect, barring a massive public outcry.
- Police near the Nuclear Fuel Services plant in Tennessee stop a truck after a three mile chase, during which the driver throws a bottle containing a strange liquid from the cab. The drivers turn out to be Israelis using fake identifications. The FBI refuses to investigate and the Israelis are released.
- Two Israelis try to enter Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base, home to eight Trident submarines. The truck tests positive for explosives.
- The National Director of the ADL, Abraham H. Foxman, publishes a book entitled, “Never Again? The Threat Of The New Anti-Semitism,” in which he states that the New Testament’s “lie,” that the ancient Pharisees were responsible for the death of Christ, has been responsible for anti-semitism throughout the millennia and thus the New Testament of the bible is, “hate speech,” and should be censored or banned.
- 2005: On January 20, President Bush makes the following statement as part of his second inaugural address, “When our Founders declared a new order of the ages.” This is not true. The founders did not declare a, “new order of the ages,” President Roosevelt did when in 1933, he put it’s latin translation, “Novus Ordo Seclorum,” on the dollar bill.
- On 7 July the London Underground Network is bombed. Israel’s Finance Minister, Binyamin Netanyahu is in London on the morning of the attacks in order to attend an economic conference in a hotel over the underground station where one of the blasts occurred, but stayed in his hotel room instead after he had been informed by Israeli intelligence officials attacks were expected.
- There are now only 5 nations on the world left without a Rothschild controlled central bank: Iran; North Korea; Sudan; Cuba; and Libya.
- Physics Professor, Stephen E. Jones of Brigham Young University publishes a paper in which he proves the World Trade Center buildings could have only been brought down in the manner they were by explosives. He receives no coverage in the mainstream media for his scientific and provable claims.
- 2006: The Edmond De Rothschild Banque, a subsidiary of Europe’s Edmond De Rothschild family bank group in France, becomes the first foreign family bank that has obtained approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission and entered China’s financial market.
- The ADL ruthlessly leans on governments throughout the world to pass hate crimes legislation, as they are scared that the criminal cabal that is Israel and the Rothschilds is being exposed more and more on a daily basis, predominantly on the internet. Their job is to protect this criminal network and what better way to do it than by passing laws in which anyone who exposes a Jewish criminal becomes a criminal.
- David Irving is sentenced to three years in jail in Austria, for denying the holocaust. It is important to note that the only historical event you can be arrested for questioning is the holocaust. This is because this has been the Rothschilds greatest weapon in brainwashing YOU, THE STUPID GOY! is that the Jews are so poor and persecuted when in actual fact they control the vast majority of international finance and international corporations throughout the world.
- Resources
- Here is a link to 6 pages of autographs from the 1929 Zionist congress with some very interesting names on it. Main page: http://www.historyforsale.com
- Sources
- Holy Bible – King James Version
- Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe Carried on in the Secret Meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati and Reading Societies – John Robison – 1798
- The Life of Napolean – Sir Walter Scott – 1827
- Coningsby – Benjamin Disraeli – 1844
- The Communist Manifesto – Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Martin Malia – 1848
- Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry – Albert Pike – 1872
- The Rothschilds, Financial Rulers Of Nations – John Reeves – 1887
- The Jews and Modern Capitalism – Werner Sombart – 1911
- Great Britain, The Jews, and Palestine – Samuel Landman – 1936
- Pawns In The Game – William Guy Carr – 1937
- Inside The Gestapo – Hansjurgen Koehler – 1940
- Barriers Down – Kent Cooper – 1942
- The Mind Of Adolf Hitler – Walter Langer – 1943
- The Empire Of The City – E. C. Knuth – 1946
- The Jewish State – Theodor Herzl – 1946
- The Curious History of the Six-Pointed Star – G. Scholem – 1949
- Secrets Of The Federal Reserve – Eustace Mullins – 1952
- Tales Of The British Aristocracy – L. G. Pine – 1957
- Red Fog Over America – William Guy Carr – 1958
- A Jewish Defector Warns America (Spoken Word Recording) – Benjamin H. Freedman – 1961
- The Rothschilds – Frederic Morton – 1962
- The Illuminati and the Council on Foreign Relations (Spoken Word Recording) – Myron Fagan – 1967
- Ben-Gurion: The Armed Prophet – Michael Bar-Zohar – 1967
- The Hidden Tyranny – Benjamin Freedman – 1971
- None Dare Call It Conspiracy – Gary Allen – 1972
- The Gulag Archipelago, Vol. 2, Parts 3 and 4 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – First English translation published 1975.
- Wall Street And The Rise Of Hitler – Anthony C. Sutton – 1976
- The Rosenthal Document – Walter White, Jr. – 1978
- Two Rothschilds And The Land Of Israel – Simon Schama – 1978
- The Six Pointed Star – Dr O. J. Graham – 1984
- The Last Days In America – Bob Fraley – 1984
- Who Owns The TV Networks – Eustace Mullins – 1985
- The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy – Seymour M. Hersh – 1991
- A History of the Jews in America – Howard M. Sachar – 1992
- Deliberate Deceptions: Facing the Facts About the U.S. Israeli Relationship – Paul Findley – 1993
- Descent Into Slavery – Des Griffin – 1994
- Bloodlines Of The Illuminati – Fritz Springmeier – 1995
- Jewish History, Jewish Religion – Israel Shahak – 1994
- Satan Speaks – Anton Szandor LaVey – 1998
- The Elite Serial Killers of Lincoln, JFK, RFK & MLK – Robert Gaylon Ross – 2001
- Never Again? The Threat Of The New Anti-Semitism – Abraham H. Foxman – 2004
- The Elite Don’t Dare Let Us Tell The People – Robert Gaylon Ross – 2004
- Codex Magica – Texe Marrs – 2005
-
NWO ENFORCERS – CARBONE, MANGANO – MURDER INCORPORATED (Known Also As The Brownsville Boys & In The Crime Circles As THE COMBINATION) – TURNED ON OUR FAMILIES..AGE NO MATTER, OUR FRIENDS, Us ( ATT: WHITE HATS, WHITE DRAGON SOCIETY, THE WHITE LOTUS SOCIETY, THE GREEN AND RED SOCIETIES, AWAKENED THINK TANK MEMBERS, ANONYMOUS, COMPUTER HACKERS, GENIUSES All AREAS, AWAKENED ALPHABET AGENCIES WORLD WIDE, … ..…EVERY RELIGIOUS & ATHIEST PERSON) (ATT: ALL: MOTHERS, WOMEN, FATHERS, MEN, TEENS, ALL)
Miguel A. Faria Jr., M.D.
Friday, Aug. 31, 2001
Gun control features prominently in the police state designs of totalitarian states with which any student of history is familiar. Take for instance:
- Federalization of the police force with a vast network of surveillance and informants to spy on citizens.
- National identification cards for all citizens.
- Civilian disarmament via gun registration, licensing, followed by banning and confiscation of firearms.Once this mechanism of oppression is firmly in place, persecution and elimination of political opponents follows, and every social, political and economic policy the Total State desires can be implemented. This has happened in National Socialist states such as Nazi Germany, Fascist states such as Italy under Mussolini, and Communist powers such as the former Soviet Union (and its satellites behind the Iron Curtain) and Red China.
It is therefore astonishing and disturbing Americans have been assailed in the last several years by politicians putting forth dangerous proposals leading to the construction of the type of freedom-eroding scaffold which is anathema to the individual liberties our Founding Fathers bequeathed to us as responsible citizens capable of self-governance.
Construction of this scaffold reaching up to an authoritarian tower is the case with several bills that were introduced in Congress in 2000, all of which could be reintroduced in this Congress, requiring that all “qualifying firearms” in the hands of law-abiding citizens be registered. One of them is Sen. Dianne Feinstein’s, D-Calif., bill, S-2525, also sponsored by Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., and Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J.
This dangerous proposal requires that all persons be fingerprinted, licensed with passport-size photographs, and forced to reveal certain personal information as conditions for licensure. As the measure itself elaborates, “It is in the national interest and within the role of the federal government to ensure that the regulation of firearms is uniform among the states, that law enforcement can quickly and effectively trace firearms used in crime, and that firearms owners know to use and safely store their firearms.”
Another such bill is that proposed by Sen. Jack Reed, D-R.I., S-2099, mandating gun owners to, likewise, register their firearms (in essence, establish a national gun registry), and treats handguns, for purposes of federal statue, like machine guns, short barrel shotguns, grenades and other specialized weapons. It gives gun owners one year to register all handguns. This will be effected by a vigorous public campaign funded by the taxpayers, as is already the case in Canada today.
The Canadian experience itself is instructive. Lorne Gunter, in the Edmonton Journal (Oct. 13, 2000), reveals the Canadian Outreach program to register all gun owners is falling short. The result and cost of this Outreach campaign not only has failed to bring in the expected 1.4 million gun owners (to only one-third of that, 486,000), but it has exceeded the projected price tag. The latest estimates project the cost of the registry from December 1998 through March 2001 at $600 million, seven times the original estimate of $85 million,” Gunter wrote.
Americans, and now Canadians, have pointed out that rather than helping track criminals and their guns as claimed, registration of firearms is dangerous to the liberties of law-abiding citizens, and as we shall see, counterproductive against criminals.
Gun Registration and Tyranny
Unbeknownst to many Americans, who having seen and experienced mostly the goodness of America, gun registration is the gateway to civilian disarmament, which often precedes genocide. In the monumental book “Lethal Laws,” published by Jews for the Preservation of Firearm Ownership, we learn that authoritarian governments that conducted genocide and mass killings of their own populations, first disarmed their citizens. The recipe for accomplishing this goal went as follows: demonizing of guns, registration, then banning and confiscation, and finally total civilian disarmament. Enslavement of the people then followed with limited resistance, as was the case in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Red China, Cuba and other totalitarian regimes of the 20th century.
Frequently, when presented with these deadly chronicles and the perilous historic sequence – namely, that gun registration is followed by banning, confiscation, civilian disarmament and, ultimately, by authoritarianism – naïve Americans opine that it cannot happen here.
As to the dangers of licensing of gun owners and registration of firearms, they frequently retort, “If you don’t have anything to hide, then you don’t have anything to fear!” Followed by, “I see nothing wrong with gun registration because we have to do something; there are just too many guns out there that fall into the wrong hands.” This is not only a naïve but also a dangerous attitude because governments have a penchant to accrue power at the expense of the liberties of individual citizens. Civilian disarmament is not only dangerous to one’s liberties but also counterproductive in achieving safety.
This has been further attested by two other great books. One is University of Hawaii professor R.J. Rummel’s “Death by Government” (1994). The other book is Stéphane Courtois’ “The Black Book of Communism” (1999). These books make it clear authoritarianism and totalitarianism are dangerous to the health of humanity. During the 20th century, an excess of 100 million people were killed by their own governments bent on destroying liberty and building socialism and collectivism.
Our Founding Fathers recognized the danger of tyranny. Thomas Jefferson had admonished us long ago, “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.”
I can personally testify that when Cubans lost their guns in 1959, they also lost their ability to regain freedom. Thus today, Cubans on the other side of the Florida Strait remain enslaved in what was supposed to have been the dream of a socialist utopia, the ultimate Caribbean Worker’s Paradise. What they ended up with was the nightmare of a police state in a communist island prison.
Although with the new administration in Washington, registration may not be a politically viable option, other freedom-eroding measures remain a real concern, particularly if they continue to be passed, hidden in the voluminous legislation passed by Congress year after year. Americans must remain informed and vigilant to preserve their sacred tradition and their liberties and prevent enactment of piecemeal gun control legislation, e.g., closing of gun shows with burdensome regulations, rationing lawful gun purchases, and the banning of the importation of certain magazines and firearm accessories, etc. Gun control should be directed against criminals and felons, and should best be referred to as crime control rather than gun control.
Registration and the Law
Another fact Americans need to understand is that registration is directed to law-abiding citizens, not criminals. Not only do convicted criminals by definition fail to obey the law, but they are constitutionally protected against any registration requirement. In Haynes vs. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court in 1968 ruled 7-1 that compelling registration by those who may not lawfully possess firearms amounts to a violation of the Fifth Amendment’s proscription against forced self-incrimination. In other words, the court said that if someone “realistically can expect that registration [of a firearm] will substantially increase the likelihood of his prosecution,” the registration requirement is unconstitutional.
Astonishingly as it may sound, some courts have ruled that registration of firearms only applies to lawful citizens, not to felons. This has been pointed out by Legal scholar Don B. Kates in “Firearms and Violence – Issues of Public Policy” (1984; pp. 14-21) mentioning, for example, the Kastigar vs. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972) decision. Does exemption of felons from gun registration sound irrational? It certainly does! Were gun registration to be implemented in the United States, criminals and felons could very well not be expected to register their weapons, since they are already felons proscribed from legally owning firearms. Requiring them to register their guns, some courts may opine, would necessarily incriminate them, and this would violate their Fifth Amendment rights.
Although with the new administration in Washington, registration may not be a politically viable option, other freedom-eroding measures remain a real concern, particularly if they continue to be passed, hidden in the voluminous legislation passed by Congress year after year. Americans must remain informed and vigilant to preserve their sacred tradition and their liberties and prevent enactment of piecemeal gun control legislation, e.g., closing of gun shows with burdensome regulations, rationing lawful gun purchases, and the banning of the importation of certain magazines and firearm accessories, etc. Gun control should be directed against criminals and felons, and should best be referred to as crime control rather than gun control.
In short, with the historically crucial and potentially fatal issue of progressive civilian disarmament, perhaps, we should once again summon the words of our wise Founders; this time those echoed by Jefferson’s fellow Virginian, Richard Henry Lee (“Letters from the Federal Farmer,” 1788): “To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them.” Yes, the easiest way to enslave citizens is to disarm them.
Dr. Miguel A. Faria Jr. is the editor-in-chief of Medical Sentinel, the official journal of the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons, author of “Vandals at the Gates of Medicine: Historic Perspectives on the Battle Over Health Care Reform” (1995) and “Medical Warrior: Fighting Corporate Socialized Medicine” (Macon, Ga., Hacienda Publishing Inc., 1997). He is a contributor to NewsMax.com and a columnist for LaNuevaCuba.com. Advance copies of his book, “Cuba in Revolution – Escape From a Lost Paradise,” will be available in the fall 2001.
COURTS ARE ABOVE THE CONSTITUTION ?
ICE wrote: Interesting logic. Rights predate the Constitution, but then so do the courts; thus court rulings prior to the Constitution overrule it?!? Well, as long as they have smart bombs and plenty of MJTF units, I guess DOJ can say whatever it pleases. ICE From: ” Distribution@Vigo-Examiner.com ” Date: Thu, 26 Mar 1998 23:28:56 +0000 Subject: DOJ Confides Disloyalty to US Const. by WILLIAM MICHAEL KEMP minutemn@internetpro.net The Vigo Examiner In December 1997, the Unites States Department of Justice received a letter from a group which put forward the position that the right to keep and bear arms was a right held by individuals, predated the Constitution, and was simply affirmed and guaranteed by the second Article of the Bill of Rights, not granted by it. Recently they got their reply, having waited only three months. In a letter dated March 18, 1998, the Department of Justice (DOJ), in the person of James S. Reynolds, Chief of the Terrorism and Violent Crime Section, answered this assertion with a listing of citations of case law, as handed down by the Supreme Court and various U.S. Courts of Appeal over the last sixty years. In these cites, it is asserted that the Constitution does not grant a right to individuals to own and use firearms. All appeared well. The DOJ was in agreement. Not quite. The DOJ went on to assert that because the Constitution is not the source of rights, that at least one of the rights it guarantees does not exist. Reynolds asserts that these court decisions supercede the Constitution, and that the right does not exist because the courts have said it does not exist, regardless of what the Constitution says on the matter. The reply concludes by quoting from a letter from Mary C. Lawton, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, to George Bush, Chairman, Republican National Committee (July 19, 1973): “…it must be considered as settled that there is no personal constitutional right, under the Second Amendment, to own or use a gun.” Mr. Reynolds further confides that this loyalty to the courts, not the Constitution is the position of the current Department of Justice, and that this position has long been held by the Department under both Democratic and Republican administrations. Gun control activists have expressed their satisfaction over this position, and state their intention to further press for limits on individual freedom to and use of firearms. Several have noted, however, that the blunt statement expressed in this letter from the Department of Justice will likely infuriate the legions of American gun rights activists, and may well make the slow, steady elimination of firearms from personal possession all the more difficult. Gun rights activists also take the position that the Constitution “grants” no rights whatsoever. They cite Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, wherein Jefferson states that men “…are endowed by their Creator” with rights, and that therefore, the Constitution is only the government’s solemn written contract to preserve the preexisting rights. Some say this point is blatantly contradicted in the Department of Justice letter, and by several of the case law cites which are invoked to support their position. These gun rights adherents further cite the wording of the Bill of Rights itself, which states in part that “..the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.” They note that where the phrase “the people” is used in all other parts of the Constitution, it invariably and inarguably means, and is universally accepted as “the collection of individual Americans.” Strict Constitutional constructionists, they attack the Justice Department’s reliance on case law, and claim that the Department of Justice’s reliance upon “the Courts'” opinions is akin to the defendants at Nuremberg (war criminals trials after World War II) claiming to be “following orders,” and point out that each Constitutional officer is required to swear an individual oath to the Constitution, not the courts. They say that Article VI of the Constitution requires strict adherence by all legislative, executive, and judicial officers to the Constitution, not the courts. They further cite Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence, pointing out that this foundation of American government requires that the people alter or abolish any government which fails to support the premise of individual rights, subsequently guaranteed by the Constitution. They allege that any judge (or any government employee) who has taken the position that government is not absolutely bound to support individual rights over the delegated power of government is in violation of their oath of office, and has thus vacated their office and their authority. The Department of Justice’s position is currently demonstrated in several situations present in the news, most recently in the arrest of several men in Michigan, accused of possessing what the Department of Justice refers to as “illegal firearms.” One of the firearms in question is called, by government attorneys, a “sniper rifle accurate to over a mile.” At least one of the defendants in that case is alleging in his defense that there is no such thing as an “illegal firearm” when possessed by a free American. A gun rights and citizens’ militia activist was interviewed at a shooting range, and prior to the interview, used a bolt action rifle with telescopic sights to demonstrate the accuracy of the firearm. From a sandbagged position, he fired several shots in succession at targets not visible to the naked eye at the considerable distance covered. Upon examination, several soft drink bottle caps and brass shell casings were observed with bullet holes through them. He referred to the firearm as “a deer rifle.” The man, who spoke with the assurance of anonymity, scoffed at the promised anonymity. “They know who I am,” he stated. When questioned who “they” were, he replied “the government– or, I should say, their secret police.” Pushed for an explanation, he pointed out that this reporter had no difficulty in locating a spokesman for the gun activists’ viewpoint. He further pointed out that he was routinely contacted at home by various representatives of the media. He then asserted that government employees were indeed anonymous, removed from the citizenry over whom they allege control, and that they were following the same path embarked upon by representatives of King George in colonial times in the effort to further their unlawful control over the citizenry. This gentleman asserted that the founders of the United States pointedly affirmed the right of Americans to keep and bear arms, ascribed the success of the revolution against England to the armed citizenry, and trumpeted the American government as being qualitatively different from all the other governments of the world, in that the government not only trusted the citizenry to be armed, but in fact depended upon the citizens’ armament to maintain their hard-won freedom. “King George assumed the power to disarm Americans, and his representatives attempted to exercise that power,” he stated. “That government was proven to be in error.” Not all gun rights activists, however, are so alienated by the actions and attitude of the DOJ. The National Rifle Association, a long time supporter of law enforcement, successfully lobbied for passage of HR 666 in January of 1995. This law allows warrantless search and seazure. Some have alleged that it has completely compromised the Fourth Amendment. The Department of Justice maintains the position stated in the referenced letter.
ADMIRALTY COURTS IN COLORADO ?
“I believe there is something out there watching over us.
Unfortunately, it’s the government.”
Woody Allen
Patriots are subjected to much ridicule when they object to the flag that appears in every government office and courtroom in the land. That flag is the United States flag… with one seemingly minor cosmetic difference – a knotted golden fringe on three sides.
Government officials and judges adamantly refuse requests to remove the gold fringed flag and replace it with the constitutional flag of the United States as defined in 4 U.S.C. Section 1,2, and 3 – which has NO fringe.
Why should anyone be concerned about this apparently innocent decorative feature? What difference does it make?
The difference is that the flag that is displayed is legal notice, to all who enter, of the type of law that holds jurisdiction. The constitutional United States flag signifies common law jurisdiction. The gold fringed United States flag is the Admiralty or War flag which denotes Admiralty or martial law.
Hogwash, you say? Is there no Admiralty Court claiming jurisdiction in America except in matters that occur on the high seas? Think again! Just as the founders of this country railed against the King for extending Admiralty law to the lands of the Colonies, so are those few patriots who have paid attention to the corruption of our legal system, raising a hue and a cry over the current usurpers of jurisprudence.
—-
Rocky Mountain News Wed. May 22, 1996 Legal Notices Section
The legal notices here displayed concern property seized by Federal agents as booty under Admiralty law. Notice is required so that anyone who might have an interest in the property seized has opportunity to seek to protect his interest.
One would not be wise to attempt this, though. Most likely, any excuse will be used to allege that the party claiming interest in the property was a party to the alleged offense that resulted in the original seizure.
The allegation is enough to justify the taking of property – under Admiralty law guilt is presumed. The claimant might well lose other property not yet in the hands of these landgoing pirates, even though no actual conviction of any offense is ever entered. Check your local paper’s legal notices. Look into the cases cited and see if any conviction occurs – or if any charges were even filed – against the persons whose property was seized.
Colorado is a long ways from the ocean. Admiralty law is farther still from the common law recognized under Federal and State constitutions.
You decide… are these patriots kooks? Or have we been blind to the tyranny that is even now upon us?
HOW TO BEAT CRIMINAL CHARGES IN ADMIRALTY COURTS ??
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